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Trouble Arises Within The Family -《易中天品三国(四十)祸起萧墙》 Yi Zhongtian's Comment on The Romance of the Three Kingdoms

*公元223年,刘备病逝于永安宫。让他没有想到的是,他死后,蜀汉政权进入了一个多事之秋。首先是马谡被斩,然后是李严被废,接下来的魏延谋反更是震动了蜀汉当局。魏延是蜀汉中后期屈指可数的勇将,深得刘备器重,屡次委以重任。关于魏延谋反,人们印象最深的可能就是小说《三国演义》中的描述,说他是一个脑后长有反骨的人物,因此谋反也在预料之中。那么魏延谋反是子虚乌有,还是确有其事?诸葛亮和魏延谋反有什么关系吗?魏延谋反为什么会涉及到诸葛亮呢?厦门大学易中天教授做客《百家讲坛》,为您精彩品三国之“祸起萧墙”。

魏延谋反一案大家也是相当地熟悉,因为《三国演义》写得非常精彩。说马岱杀魏延的时候,杨仪出城说,你敢喊三声“谁敢杀我”吗?魏延说我怎么不敢呢,谁敢杀我!马岱后来说我敢杀你,啪。大家都很熟悉,但是这是一个冤案。这个冤案不但冤枉了魏延,也冤枉了诸葛亮。这话怎讲?我们先来看看历史上是怎么记载的。这个事儿历史上有两种记载,两个版本。我们先讲《三国志·魏延传》的记载。《三国志·魏延传》说建兴十二年八月诸葛亮病故于北伐军中,临终前诸葛亮召开了一个秘密的榻前会议。参加会议的有杨仪,当时是丞相长史,就是丞相府秘书长、国务院秘书长,有姜维,有费祎,这样一些人。诸葛亮说,我死了以后这个仗就不能打了,咱们撤回去,撤退的时候让“魏延断后,姜维次之”。下面说了一句很重要的话:“若延或不从命,军便自发。”如果魏延不服从命令,你们不要管他,军队自己开拔。做了这个安排以后诸葛亮就病故了。然后他们这几个人一琢磨呢,就让费祎去找魏延,传达丞相的命令。果然,魏延一听就跳起来了:什么,让我断后,不对吧?“丞相虽亡,吾自见在”。丞相是去世了,我魏延还活着啊,我魏延还可以带领部队继续北伐嘛,为什么要撤退啊?为什么因为一个人死了以后就把天下的大事都耽误了?“云:何以一人死废天下之事耶?”魏延说,再说了,我魏延是什么人?凭什么我魏延给他杨仪断后,杨仪算老几?不干。然后跟费祎说,不管,我们这儿继续部署北伐,继续打曹贼。做了一番部署,写好了以后,魏延跟费祎说,来来来,签个字。费祎说:魏将军,这个杨仪是个书呆子,他哪会打仗呢!这么着吧,我回去给杨仪做做工作,让杨仪听将军的,好不好?魏延说好好好,你走走走。这个费祎出了魏延的大营之门,跳上马,掉头就跑。魏延一想,不该放走这个费祎啊,来不及了。然后赶快派探子去打探一下他们怎么动作,一打探,说杨仪就准备按照诸葛亮的部署,不管魏延,自己带着部队就往成都撤了。魏延怒火万丈,好,你撤我也撤,我先撤,于是魏延抢在杨仪的前面往南撤。而且还干了一件什么事呢?走一路烧一路,把桥啊路啊都给毁了,一路就这么跑跑跑,跑到了南谷口。这个杨仪一看,魏延先走了,而且把桥也烧了。杨仪带着部队也往回撤,然后赶快砍山上的树,再搭桥。这个情况已经很糟糕了对不对,更糟糕的是魏延和杨仪都上书朝廷说对方谋反。魏延说杨仪反了,杨仪说魏延反了,“一日之中,羽檄交至”,就是两个人的告状信前前后后前前后后都送到了刘禅的御前。这刘禅一看他不明白,刘禅怎么明白得了,就把这个董允、蒋琬这些人找来,说各位爱卿看看,这个魏延告杨仪谋反,杨仪告魏延谋反,他俩到底谁反了?董允和蒋琬这些人说:陛下,臣等敢担保,这个杨仪他是不会谋反的;这个魏延谋不谋反,不好说。那就是魏延反嘛,对不对。于是,刘禅命令蒋琬带宿卫营,就是禁卫军,北上去拦截魏延。杨仪也带着部队南下,去追击魏延,就把魏延堵在了南谷口。这个时候,何平——何平就是王平,因为他妈妈家姓何,他原来跟着外婆长大的,他也姓何,所以也叫何平,《三国演义》说是何平,实际上就是王平。——王平冲上前去说,丞相刚刚去世,尸骨未寒,你们就这样。魏延的部队一听,原来我们错了,一哄而散,魏延只好带着几个亲信又往南逃,逃到汉中,被马岱所杀。马岱杀了魏延以后,把魏延的首级送到了杨仪的跟前,杨仪把魏延的脑袋扔到地上,用脚去踩,王八蛋,我看你还干坏事,我看你还干坏事!然后夷延三族,就是灭了魏延家族三族。这就是《三国志·魏延传》记载的事情经过。

In 223 AD, Liu Bei died of illness at the Yong’an Palace. To his surprise, after his death, the Shu Han regime entered a troubled autumn. First, Ma Su was beheaded, then Li Yan was abolished, and then Wei Yanmou’s rebellion shook the Shu Han authorities even more. Wei Yan was one of the few brave generals in the middle and late Shu Han dynasties, deeply valued by Liu Bei and repeatedly entrusted with important tasks. As for Wei Yan’s rebellion, the description in the novel “The Romance of the Three Kingdoms” may be the most impressive, saying that he is a character with a rebellious bone in the back of his head, so the rebellion is also expected. So is Wei Yanmou’s counterattack a myth, or is it true? Is there any relationship between Zhuge Liang and Wei Yanmou’s rebellion? Why did Wei Yanmou’s rebellion involve Zhuge Liang? Professor Yi Zhongtian from Xiamen University is a guest at “The Hundred Lectures”, presenting you with a wonderful tasting of the Three Kingdoms.
The case of Wei Yanmou’s rebellion is also quite familiar to everyone, because “The Romance of the Three Kingdoms” is written wonderfully. When it was said that Ma Dai had killed Wei Yan, Yang Yi came out of the city and said, “Do you dare to shout three times, ‘Who dares to kill me?'”? Wei Yan said how dare I? Who dares to kill me! Ma Dai later said that I dare to kill you, Pa. Everyone is familiar with it, but this is a case of injustice. This unjust case not only wronged Wei Yan, but also wronged Zhuge Liang. What do you mean by that? Let’s first take a look at how it is recorded in history. There are two records and two versions of this event in history. Let’s first talk about the records in “Records of the Three Kingdoms, Biography of Wei Yan”. “Records of the Three Kingdoms – Biography of Wei Yan” states that in August of the 12th year of Jianxing’s reign, Zhuge Liang died during the Northern Expedition. Before his death, Zhuge Liang held a secret bedtime meeting. Attending the meeting were Yang Yi, who was then Prime Minister Shi, the Secretary General of the Prime Minister’s Office, the Secretary General of the State Council, Jiang Wei, Fei Yi, and others. Zhuge Liang said, “After my death, this war cannot be fought. Let’s withdraw. When we withdraw, let’s let Wei Yan cut the rear and Jiang Wei take the second place.”. The following is a very important sentence: “If Wei Yan delays or disobeys his orders, the army will spontaneously.” If Wei Yan does not obey his orders, you should leave him alone and the army will be launched by itself. After making this arrangement, Zhuge Liang died of illness. As soon as they thought it over, they asked Fei Yi to go to Wei Yan and convey the Prime Minister’s order. Sure enough, Wei Yan jumped up and said, “What, let me break up, right?”? “Although the prime minister is dead, I see myself here.”. The Prime Minister has passed away, and I, Wei Yan, are still alive. Can we still lead our troops to continue the Northern Expedition? Why should we retreat? Why is it that after a person dies, all the major events in the world are delayed? “Yun: Why did one person die to abolish the world?” Wei Yan said. Besides, who am I, Wei Yan? Why should Wei Yan give Yang Yi a break? Who is Yang Yi old? Don’t do it. Then he said to Fei Yi, “Regardless, we will continue to deploy the Northern Expedition here and continue to fight against the Cao thieves.”. After making some arrangements and writing them, Wei Yan told Fei Yi to come and sign. Fei Yi said, General Wei, this Yang Yi is a bookworm. How could he fight! Let’s do it this way. I’ll go back and do some work for Yang Yi. Let Yang Yi listen to the general, okay? Wei Yan said, “Okay, okay, you go.”. This Fei Yi left Wei Yan’s camp gate, jumped on his horse, turned around and ran. Wei Yanyi thought, “It’s too late to let this Fei Yi go.”. Then quickly send scouts to inquire about their movements. Upon enquiry, Yang Yi was ready to follow Zhuge Liang’s deployment. Regardless of Wei Yan, he led his troops and withdrew to Chengdu. Wei Yan was furious. Okay, if you withdraw, I will also withdraw. I will withdraw first, so Wei Yan grabbed Yang Yi and retreated south. And what else did he do? Walking and burning all the way destroyed the bridge and the road, so I ran and ran all the way to Nangukou. Upon seeing this Yang Yi, Wei Yan left first and burned the bridge. Yang Yi and his troops also withdrew, then quickly cut down the trees on the mountain and build a bridge. “This situation is already very bad, isn’t it? Even worse, Wei Yan and Yang Yi both wrote to the court saying that the other party was conspiring.”. Wei Yan said that Yang Yi was rebellious, and Yang Yi said that Wei Yan was rebellious. “In one day, Yu Xi was handed over,” which means that the two people’s complaint letters were sent to Liu Chan’s court before and after. When Liu Chan saw that he didn’t understand it, how could Liu Chan understand it? So he brought these people, Dong Yun and Jiang Wan, and said to all of you, Love Qing, take a look. This Wei Yan accused Yang Yi of conspiring against him, and Yang Yi accused Wei Yan of conspiring against him. Who on earth was the two of them? People like Dong Yun and Jiang Wan said, “Your Majesty, I dare to guarantee that this Yang Yi will not conspire;”; This Wei Yanmou does not conspire, it is difficult to say. That’s Wei Yanfan, right. Therefore, Liu Chan ordered Jiang Wan to take the garrison, the Forbidden Guards, to the north to intercept Wei Yan. Yang Yi also led his troops south to pursue Wei Yan, and blocked him at the entrance of Nangu. At this time, He Ping — He Ping is Wang Ping. Because his mother’s family name is He, he grew up with his grandmother, and his family name is He Ping, so he is also called He Ping. In the Romance of the Three Kingdoms, He Ping is actually Wang Ping—— Wang Ping rushed forward and said, “The Prime Minister has just passed away, and the bones are not cold. That’s all for you.”. Upon hearing from Wei Yan’s troops, it turned out that we were wrong and broke up in a stampede. Wei Yan had to flee south with several of his cronies and fled to Hanzhong, where he was killed by Ma Dai. After Ma Dai killed Wei Yan, he sent Wei Yan’s head to Yang Yi. Yang Yi threw Wei Yan’s head onto the ground and stepped on it with his feet. Bastard, I think you still do bad things, I think you still do bad things! Then the three tribes of the Yi Yan family were exterminated. This is the story recorded in “Records of the Three Kingdoms – Biography of Wei Yan”.

*公元234年,诸葛亮第五次北伐,最终因积劳成疾,病逝于五丈原军中。诸葛亮一死,就引发了魏延谋反一案。魏延谋反是“诸葛亮时代”的三大疑案之一,他的谋反引起了后代历史学家们的很多猜测,甚至还有人认为诸葛亮对与魏延谋反难辞其咎,负有很大的责任。那么面对《三国志·魏延传》的记载,我们怎么看待魏延谋反呢?魏延是否真的谋反了?对此,易中天先生他的看法是怎样的呢?

魏延是否谋反?此案我的看法是事出有因,查无实据,不合逻辑。为什么说事出有因呢?有三点理由。第一,军人以服从为天职,既然诸葛丞相下令你魏延断后,你就该服从,你为什么不服从?可疑吧。第二,你不听指挥,擅自行动,挥师南下,你要干什么?你是撤回成都呢,你还是想回去颠覆蜀汉呢?讲不清楚。第三,如果你只是不服从杨仪,你不愿意替他断后,你抢先撤回成都,你为什么把杨仪的后路断掉?你为什么要所过把所有的栈道、所有的桥梁都毁掉?让人觉得就是你是要回成都造反,又不准杨仪他们带兵来救驾嘛。而且杨仪是个书呆子,大家都认为这个不可能造反的,秀才造反三年不成,可能造反的肯定是军人嘛。在弄不清情况之下,为了保卫皇上,为了保卫政权,只好先假定你魏延造反嘛,所以叫做事出有因。为什么说它不合逻辑呢?我们知道以魏延当时的能力、实力,不足以自立山头称王称帝,他要造反只有一条出路就是投降曹魏。如果他要投降曹魏的话,他应该就近投降,因为他在前线啊,对不对。诸葛亮的命令说魏延断后,魏延就可以说,好,我断后,你们走吧,走吧走吧,我断后,然后我投降,那不是方便吗。你现在居然,他为什么要往南走呢?而且他被王平截拦以后,他还可以只身投奔曹魏啊,虽然他没有人马了他也是一员战将,他为什么继续往南跑呢?这不合逻辑。所以陈寿就做了一个结论,陈寿说:“原延意不北降魏而南还者,但欲除杀仪等。”就是我推测,陈寿也是推测,我推测魏延的本意他之所以不往北走去投降曹魏,要往南走,他是什么意思呢?他只是想杀杨仪。他为什么要杀杨义呢?陈寿推测是以魏延当时的地位、威望、功绩等等,如果杀了杨仪以后,接诸葛亮班的就该是自己。如果自己能够接了诸葛亮的班,他就可以继续北伐了。所以陈寿说:“本指如此,不便背叛。”就是魏延本意就是这个,他不是谋反。那么根据这个判断我们可以得出结论来,魏延一案不是谋反案,是内讧,是窝里斗,是魏延和杨仪的内部矛盾。因此我们就又要提出一个问题来,这个魏延和杨仪他们又哪来的深仇大恨呢?

In 234 AD, Zhuge Liang’s fifth Northern Expedition ended in illness due to overwork and died in the Wuzhangyuan army. The death of Zhuge Liang triggered the case of Wei Yan conspiring against him. Wei Yan’s rebellion is one of the three major mysteries of the “Zhuge Liang era”. His rebellion has caused many speculations among future historians, and even some people believe that Zhuge Liang was responsible for his rebellion against Wei Yan. So in the face of the records in “The Chronicles of the Three Kingdoms – Biography of Wei Yan”, how do we view Wei Yan’s rebellion? Did Wei Yan really conspire? What is Mr. Yi Zhongtian’s opinion on this?
Does Wei Yan conspire? My view in this case is that there was a reason for the incident, and there was no evidence based on investigation, which is illogical. Why do we say there’s a reason for it? There are three reasons. First, military personnel regard obedience as their bounden duty. Since Prime Minister Zhuge ordered you to terminate Wei Yan, you should obey. Why don’t you obey? Suspicious. Second, you don’t listen to the command, act without authorization, and command the troops south. What are you doing? Are you going back to Chengdu, or do you want to subvert Shu Han? Can’t explain clearly. Third, if you just don’t obey Yang Yi and you don’t want to cut the line for him, why did you cut off Yang Yi’s back road when you withdrew to Chengdu first? Why did you destroy all the trestle roads and bridges you crossed? It makes people think that you are going back to Chengdu to rebel, and you are not allowing Yang Yi and their troops to come to rescue you. Moreover, Yang Yi is a bookworm, and everyone believes that it is impossible for him to rebel. If a scholar fails to rebel for three years, it must be soldiers who may rebel. In order to defend the emperor and the regime, it is necessary to assume that Wei Yan rebelled, so it is called a cause. Why is it illogical? We know that Wei Yan’s ability and strength at that time were not enough to stand on his own and claim the title of king and emperor. The only way out for him to rebel was to surrender to Cao Wei. If he wants to surrender to Cao Wei, he should surrender nearby because he is on the front line, right. Zhuge Liang’s order said that Wei Yan should break up the queen, and Wei Yan could say, “Okay, I’ll break up the queen, let’s go, let’s go, let’s go, I break up the queen, and then I surrender. Isn’t that convenient?”. Why did he go south now? And after he was stopped by Wang Ping, he could still go to Cao Wei alone. Although he had no troops left, he was also a general, why did he continue to run south? This is illogical. So Chen Shou made a conclusion. Chen Shou said, “The original intention of Wei Yan was not to surrender to the north but to return to the south, but to eliminate the killing instrument.” Even if I speculate, Chen Shou also speculated, I speculate that Wei Yan’s original intention was not to go north to surrender to Cao Wei, but to go south. What does he mean? He just wanted to kill Yang Yi. Why did he kill Yang Yi? Chen Shou speculated that based on Wei Yan’s status, prestige, and achievements at that time, if he killed Yang Yi, it would be himself who would take over Zhuge Liang’s class. If he could take over from Zhuge Liang, he could continue the Northern Expedition. So Chen Shou said, “This is what I meant, it’s inconvenient to betray.” That’s exactly what Wei Yan meant, and he’s not conspiring. Based on this judgment, we can draw a conclusion that the Wei Yan case is not a case of rebellion, but rather a case of internal strife and infighting. It is an internal conflict between Wei Yan and Yang Yi. Therefore, we have to raise a question again. Where did Wei Yan and Yang Yi come from?

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