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The Struggle For Usurping One's Legitimate Rights -《易中天品三国(三十) 夺嫡之争》 Yi Zhongtian's Comment on The Romance of the Three Kingdoms

在曹操的晚年,接班人的问题被提到了议事日程,曹彰、曹植、曹丕等人的夺嫡之争也异常激烈。为此,曹操甚至不惜采取非常手段,三兄弟之间为了太子之位也是勾心斗角、各显其能。那么曹操选择接班人的标准是什么呢?太子之位究竟会花落谁家?敬请关注《易中天品三国》之——夺嫡之争。

公元208年,赤壁之战以后,曹操和刘备、孙权逐渐形成了三分天下的局面,东汉政权已经名存实亡了。公元213年,曹操被封为魏公,随后又被封为魏王,此时的曹操一切待遇与皇帝无异,只不过无皇帝之名而已。这时,不少官吏都劝曹操自立为帝,曹操处于政治上的考虑没有这样做,他采取了听天由命的态度,但到手的权利却必须代代相传。

在这种情况下,立谁为王太子,也就是基业的继承人,成为很重要的问题了。而在曹操的众多儿子中间,最有希望继承曹操权利的,就是曹彰、曹植和曹丕。于是,为了太子之位,他们凭借各自优势,开始了明争暗夺的斗争。那么,曹彰、曹植和曹丕究竟谁会最终胜出呢?这胜出的背后,又蕴含着怎样的玄机呢?厦门大学易中天教授做客《百家讲坛》,为您精彩品三国之“夺嫡之争”。

In the late years of Cao Cao’s life, the issue of his successor was put on the agenda, and the battle for the succession of Cao Zhang, Cao Zhi, Cao Pi, and others was extremely fierce. To this end, Cao Cao even took extraordinary measures, and the three brothers also intrigued and showed their abilities for the crown prince’s position. So what is the standard for Cao Cao to choose a successor? Whose family will the crown prince fall to? Please pay close attention to the “Yi Zhong Tian Pin Three Kingdoms” – the dispute over usurping the throne.
In 208 AD, after the Battle of Chibi, Cao Cao, Liu Bei, and Sun Quan gradually formed a situation of dividing the world into three parts, and the regime of the Eastern Han Dynasty had already existed in name only. In 213 AD, Cao Cao was appointed Duke of Wei and later King of Wei. At this time, Cao Cao was treated the same as the emperor, except that he did not have the name of the emperor. At this time, many officials urged Cao Cao to establish himself as emperor. Cao Cao did not do so due to political considerations. He adopted a resigned attitude, but the power he acquired must be passed on from generation to generation.
In this situation, it becomes a very important question who should be appointed as the Crown Prince, that is, the heir to the foundation. Among Cao Cao’s many sons, the most promising ones to inherit Cao Cao’s rights are Cao Zhang, Cao Zhi, and Cao Pi. Therefore, in order to occupy the crown prince’s position, they relied on their respective advantages and began the struggle of overt and covert capture. So, who will ultimately win, Cao Zhang, Cao Zhi, and Cao Pi? What kind of mystery lies behind this victory? Professor Yi Zhongtian from Xiamen University is a guest at “The Hundred Lectures”, presenting you with a wonderful taste of the “struggle for legitimacy” of the Three Kingdoms.

易中天:

到了曹操的晚年,接班人问题就提到了议事日程上。曹操要选择一个继承他的权力和职位的人,选谁呢?据不完全统计,曹操有十五个老婆,二十五个儿子,这还是查得到的。在这二十五个儿子当中,原本最有希望接班的是长子曹昂,长子嘛;但是,他在建安二年,在征张绣的战争中牺牲了。曹操还有一个非常喜欢的孩子,曹冲,就是称象的那个,大家都知道;但是在建安十三年去世了,病故。当时曹操哭得是死去活来,这个时候曹丕就上前安慰父亲,曹操当时就说了这样一句话:“此我之不幸,而汝曹之幸也。”冲儿死了是我的不幸,是你们这些人的幸运,因为你们这些人就有希望当太子了。

Yi Zhongtian:
In the late years of Cao Cao’s life, the question of his successor was on the agenda. Cao Cao wants to choose a person who will inherit his power and position. Who will he choose? According to incomplete statistics, Cao Cao has 15 wives and 25 sons, which can still be found. Of the 25 sons, the most promising one was Cao Ang, the eldest son; However, in the second year of Jian’an, he died in the war against Zhang Xiu. Cao Cao also has a very fond child, Cao Chong, who is known as the elephant; But he died in the 13th year of Jian’an and died of illness. At that time, Cao Cao was crying to the death. At that moment, Cao Pi came forward to comfort his father. Cao Cao said this sentence at that time: “This is my misfortune, and your luck is also Cao Cao.” Chong’er’s death is my misfortune, and it is the luck of you people, because you people have a chance to become crown prince.

那么,曹操说的“汝曹”,或者说你们这些人指谁呢?一般认为主要指三个人,那就是曹丕、曹彰和曹植。为什么是这三个人呢?因为第一,这三个人都是卞夫人的儿子。我们知道曹操的元配是丁夫人,丁夫人后来跟曹操离异了,曹操就把卞夫人升为正妻。那么按照传统的礼法,正妻的儿子是最有条件做接班人的,那么这三个都是,这是第一点。第二点,这三个人都有水平,都有能力,表现也都很好。所以所谓夺嫡之争,主要是在曹操的卞夫人生的这三个儿子当中展开。

So, who did Cao Cao refer to as “you Cao” or you people? It is generally believed that they mainly refer to three individuals, namely Cao Pi, Cao Zhang, and Cao Zhi. Why are these three people? Because first, these three people are all Mrs. Bian’s sons. “We know that Cao Cao’s first mate was Madame Ding, who later divorced Cao Cao, who promoted Madame Bian to be his wife.”. According to traditional etiquette, the son of a regular wife is the most qualified successor, so all three are. This is the first point. Secondly, all three of them have the level, ability, and performance. Therefore, the so-called dispute over the usurpation of legitimate rights mainly unfolded among the three sons of Cao Cao’s Bian Fu’s life.

那么曹操在这三个儿子当中又选谁呢?一般认为,曹操最先排除出去的是曹彰。为什么是曹彰呢?因为曹彰好像不大合适做政治领袖。曹彰这个人在曹操的儿子当中也是很优秀的,他的相貌也比较特别,他的胡子是黄的,叫做黄须儿,非常勇敢,每次曹操派他出去打仗,他都能够凯旋而归。建安二十三年的时候,曹操又派曹彰出去打仗,曹操就跟他讲了:彰儿啊,在家为父子,出门为君臣,你可是领了将命出去的,这个军中的规矩你是知道的,好自为之啊。那么曹彰出去以后,确实是奋勇作战,身先士卒,凯旋而归。回到邺城的时候,曹彰做了两件事情,一个是超常规地奖励他手下的将士,大赏;第二就是见了曹操以后,汇报工作的时候把所有的功劳都归于部下。那么这个主意是谁出的?曹丕出的,因为曹彰回来的时候先见的曹丕,曹丕就说,你最好不要贪功,你把功劳归于部下。那么有历史学家分析说,曹丕这是使坏,怕曹彰功劳太大了,对他有威胁。没想到这下子他帮了曹彰的忙,曹彰这么一汇报,曹操非常高兴。把手伸过去,抓着曹彰的胡子说:我这个黄胡子的儿子,大有进步嘛。

So who did Cao Cao choose among the three sons? It is generally believed that Cao Zhang was the first to rule out Cao Cao. Why is it Cao Zhang? Because Cao Zhang seems not suitable for political leadership. Cao Zhang is also a very outstanding person among Cao Cao’s sons, and his appearance is quite special. His beard is yellow, called Huang Beard, and he is very brave. Every time Cao Cao sends him out to fight, he can return triumphantly. In the 23rd year of Jian’an, Cao Cao sent Cao Zhang out to fight, and Cao Cao told him, “Zhang Er, at home as a father and son, and when you go out as a monarch and minister, you have been ordered to go out. You know the rules of the army, so take care of yourself.”. After Cao Zhang went out, he really fought bravely, took the lead, and returned triumphantly. When he returned to Yecheng, Cao Zhang did two things: one was to reward his generals and men with extraordinary rewards; The second is that after meeting Cao Cao, when reporting on their work, all the credit should be attributed to their subordinates. So who came up with the idea? “Cao Pi came out because when Cao Zhang came back, he saw Cao Pi first. Cao Pi said, ‘You’d better not be greedy for meritorious deeds, you should attribute the meritorious deeds to your subordinates.'”. Historians have analyzed that Cao Pi was acting mischievously, fearing that Cao Zhang’s contributions would be too great and pose a threat to him. Unexpectedly, he helped Cao Zhang at this moment. Cao Zhang was very happy with his report. “I have made great progress as a son with a yellow beard,” said Cao Zhang, holding his hand over his beard.

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