[画外音]北伐是蜀国的重要事件之一,魏延则是蜀国后期勇冠三军的猛将之一,而且魏延是坚决主张北伐的,坚决主张消灭曹魏的,然而诸葛亮在临终前,没有把北伐的接力棒交给魏延,是诸葛亮不信任他,还是其中另有隐情呢?请继续关注《易中天品三国》之“以攻为守”
在上一集中讲到,魏延谋反一案有三种说法。一种是《三国演义》的说法,诸葛亮料定魏延会谋反;一种是张作耀先生的说法,诸葛亮就是亮逼反魏延;第三种说法就是杨仪等人假传巫相遗命。然而这些说法,要么是小说家之言,不足为信,要么是没有足够的证据,因此,魏延一案显得更加扑朔迷离,魏延谋反一案到底是怎么回事,我们还得把视线再次回到诸葛亮的遗命上。那么诸葛亮为什么要下达一个让魏延断后的遗命呢?在诸葛亮遗命的背后还有哪些不为人知的隐情呢?厦门大学易中天教授作客《百家讲坛》为您讲述品三国之“以攻为守”。
易中天:魏延这个案子里面有一个疑点,就是诸葛亮病逝前召开的这个榻前会议,为什么要做出那样一个决定,什么决定呢?“令延断后,姜维次之,若延或不从命,军便自发”,就是魏延如果不听命令的话,不肯断后的话,部队自己出发,不要管魏延了。诸葛亮为什么要做这样的一个决定?
历史上有三种解释:第一种说诸葛亮料定魏延会反,这是《三国演义》的说法,《三国演义》是小说,不能当历史来看,千万别把《三国演义》当历史。第二个说法是吕思勉先生、陈迩东先生他们的说法,说诸葛亮就没有下这个命令,这是杨仪等人假传丞相遗命。反正死无对证,口谕嘛,又没有录音,又没有录像,又没有字条嘛,说不清楚。但是这个说法虽然有道理,但是没有证据啊,你还是推理,还是猜测。也就是说历史学家也是要猜测的,只要你的猜测符合逻辑,至少就可以作为一家之言嘛。但是陈寿也是良史,陈寿记录在案的事不能轻易地推翻,这个里面还是有些问题。那么我们剩下的就只有第三种选择了,就是诸葛亮确实下达了这样一个命令。为什么呢?张作耀先生《刘备传》的解释是,诸葛亮和魏延在军事路线上有分。
[Voice over] The Northern Expedition was one of the important events of the Shu State, and Wei Yan was one of the powerful generals who bravely crowned the Three Armies in the later period of the Shu State. Moreover, Wei Yan strongly advocated the Northern Expedition and the elimination of Cao Wei. However, before Zhuge Liang died, he did not hand over the baton of the Northern Expedition to Wei Yan. Was it because Zhuge Liang did not trust him, or was there something else hidden in it? Please continue to pay attention to “Taking offense as defense” in “Yi Zhong Tian Pin Three Kingdoms”
As mentioned in the previous episode, there are three versions of the case of Wei Yanmou’s rebellion. One is the statement in “The Romance of the Three Kingdoms”, in which Zhuge Liang predicted that Wei Yan would conspire; One is Mr. Zhang Zuoyao’s statement that Zhuge Liang is forcing Liang to oppose Wei Yan; The third argument is that Yang Yi and others falsely passed on the orders of the Witch Minister. However, these statements are either statements made by novelists, which are not credible, or there is insufficient evidence. Therefore, the Wei Yan case seems even more complicated and confusing. What exactly happened to the Wei Yan counterplot case, we still have to turn our attention to Zhuge Liang’s death once again. So why did Zhuge Liang issue a final order to let Wei Yan die? What are some unknown secrets behind Zhuge Liang’s death? Professor Yi Zhongtian from Xiamen University is visiting the “Hundred Lectures” to tell you about the “defense by attack” of the Three Kingdoms.
Yi Zhongtian: There is a doubtful point in Wei Yan’s case. It is the pre couch meeting held before Zhuge Liang died of illness. Why did you make such a decision? What decision? “After the order is terminated, Jiang Wei takes the second place. If the order is delayed or not complied with, the army will spontaneously.” This means that if Wei Yan does not obey the order or refuses to terminate, the army will set out on its own and leave Wei Yan alone. Why did Zhuge Liang make such a decision?
There are three explanations in history: the first is that Zhuge Liang predicted that Wei Yan would rebel, which is the saying of “The Romance of the Three Kingdoms”. “The Romance of the Three Kingdoms” is a novel, and it cannot be viewed as history. Never regard “The Romance of the Three Kingdoms” as history. The second statement is from Mr. Lv Simian and Mr. Chen Weidong, who said that Zhuge Liang did not issue this order, which was falsely passed on by Yang Yi and others to the Prime Minister. Anyway, there is no justification for the death. There are no oral orders, no recordings, no videos, and no notes. I can’t explain clearly. “Although this statement is reasonable, there is no evidence. You are still reasoning or guessing.”. That is to say, historians also need to guess, as long as your guess conforms to logic, it can at least be used as a statement of one’s own. But Chen Shou is also a good history, and the things recorded by Chen Shou cannot be easily overturned. There are still some problems in this. So all we have left is the third option, which is that Zhuge Liang actually issued such an order. Why? The explanation of Mr. Zhang Zuoyao’s “Biography of Liu Bei” is that Zhuge Liang and Wei Yan have differences in military lines.
那么这个说法有证据呜?有。证据在哪里呢?《三国志·魏延传》。《三国志·魏延传》的说法是,魏延每次随诸葛亮出征,都提出一个建议,要求分兵,要求自己带一万人走另一条路,然后和诸葛亮在潼关会师,“如韩信故事”,就像韩信当年一样,韩信帮刘邦打天下,就是韩信带一只部队,刘邦带一只部队,但是诸葛亮不同意,“制而不许”,每次提出来,每次诸葛亮都不同意,最后是魏延认为诸葛亮这个人胆小怕事、胆怯,“谓亮为怯,叹恨己才用之不尽”,魏延怀才不遇,你看我这浑身的本事,一肚子的主意,碰上这么一个胆小怕事的,不能一展才华,一显身手,忿忿不平,这是《三国志.魏延传》的记载。
而且这个事情,它还有一个实例,就是历史上有名的“子午谷奇谋”。“子午谷奇谋”这个事是发生在第一次北伐战争,我们知道诸葛亮率军从汉中出发,北伐曹魏,必须翻过秦岭。翻过秦岭有三条路,东边的一条叫子午谷,终点在什么地方呢?长安;中间的一条叫驻谷,终点在什么地方呢?在武功;第三条路叫斜谷,终点在什么地方呢?在陈仓。那么魏延提出的办法是什么呢?说请丞相给魏延一万人马,当中五千精兵,还有五千人干什么呢?运粮食。我魏延带着这支人马,走子午谷北上,十天功夫就可以到长安。长安是谁在守着呢?是曹操的女婿,叫做夏侯楙。这夏侯楙是个公子哥儿啊,纨绔子弟,吃喝玩乐可以,打仗不行的,如果夏侯楙发现末将的军队从天而降,肯定吓得屁滚尿流,弃城而逃,末将就可以拿下长安,丞相自己呢带着大军从斜谷北上,这样我们两军会合,咸阳以西都搞掂了。诸葛亮不听,设有采纳魏延的这个计策,这个就叫做“子午谷奇谋”。
“子午谷奇谋”是三国史上的一个公案,历史学家一直在争论,说诸葛亮不采纳魏延的“子午谷奇谋”是对呢还是不对呢?两派意见。一派说这个是不对的,这放弃了一个大好的时机,这么好的一个计谋,奇袭嘛,完全可以打曹魏一个措手不及。如果你把长安、咸阳以西都搞掂了,这个事儿不就弄成了呜?这是一派意见。另一派意见认为诸葛亮是对的,因为魏延的这个计策,风险太大了。
So there’s evidence for this statement? have Where is the evidence? “Records of the Three Kingdoms, Biography of Wei Yan”. “The Chronicles of the Three Kingdoms: The Biography of Wei Yan” states that every time Wei Yan sets out with Zhuge Liang, he puts forward a proposal, asking for the division of troops, asking himself to take 10000 people to take another road, and then joins forces with Zhuge Liang at Tongguan. “Like Han Xin’s story,” as Han Xin did in the past, Han Xin helped Liu Bang fight the world, that is, Han Xin led an army, and Liu Bang led an army. However, Zhuge Liang disagreed, saying, “It’s not allowed to rule.”, “Every time Zhuge Liang disagrees, it’s Wei Yan who believes that Zhuge Liang is timid and timid, saying, ‘It’s cowardice to call brightness, and it’s impossible to use it with regret.'” Wei Yanhuai just doesn’t meet me. Look at my whole body of skills and ideas, and when I encounter such a timid person, I can’t display my talent and skill, and I’m angry. This is the record of the Three Kingdoms Annals of Wei Yan. “.
Moreover, there is another example of this matter, which is the famous “Ziwu Valley Wonder” in history. “The plot of the Ziwu Valley” happened during the first Northern Expedition War. We know that Zhuge Liang led his army to set out from Hanzhong to invade the Cao and Wei Dynasties, and had to cross the Qinling Mountains. There are three ways to cross the Qinling Mountains. The one to the east is called Ziwu Valley. Where is the destination? Chang’an; The middle one is called Zhugu. Where is the destination? In martial arts; The third road is called Xiegu. Where does it end? In Chencang. So what is Wei Yan’s approach? He asked the Prime Minister to give Wei Yan 10000 troops, including 5000 elite soldiers. What are there still 5000 people to do? Transport grain. I, Wei Yan, take this team and head north through the Ziwu Valley. In ten days, I can reach Chang’an. Who is guarding Chang’an? He is Cao Cao’s son-in-law, named Xia Hou Xuan. “This Xiahou Xuan is a young man, a dandy. It’s okay to eat, drink, and have fun, but it’s not okay to fight. If Xiahou Xuan finds out that the army of the last general has fallen from the sky, he must be scared to death and abandon the city. The last general can take Chang’an. The prime minister himself and his army will head north from the Leaning Valley, so that our two armies will meet and the west of Xianyang will be settled.”. Zhuge Liang refused to listen and adopted Wei Yan’s strategy, which is called the “Ziwu Valley Miracle”.
“The plot of the Ziwu Valley” is a public case in the history of the Three Kingdoms. Historians have been arguing that it is right or wrong for Zhuge Liang not to adopt Wei Yan’s “plot of the Ziwu Valley”? Two schools of opinion. One faction said this was wrong, it gave up a great opportunity, such a good strategy, a surprise attack, it can completely hit Cao Wei unprepared. If you manage Chang’an and the west of Xianyang, won’t this matter be over? This is a group of opinions. Another group believes that Zhuge Liang is right because Wei Yan’s strategy is too risky.