【画外音】在上一集,易中天先生讲到,尚未成年的孙权接手了父兄留下的江东基业,但夹在曹魏、蜀汉之间的江东,当时实力并不强大,而且曹魏对江东虎视眈眈,蜀汉对江东不怀好意,孙权也缺乏安全感,所以公元220年,曹丕称帝,孙权上表称臣,半年以后刘备称帝,孙权不为所动。但在曹丕称帝八年以后,孙权坐稳了江山,发展了实力,最终在江东登基称帝,他是怎样做到这一步的?他究竟又是一个什么样的人呢?厦门大学易中天教授作客百家讲坛,为您精彩品三国之——《坐断东南》
上一集我们提出了一个问题,就是孙权这个人为什么值得像周瑜啊,鲁肃啊这样的人来选择呢?我们的答案是:孙权确实具有领袖的素质,孙权也确实是值得投靠的一个人,他也是三国时期一个非常了不起的人物。后来辛弃疾在他的词里面是这样描述孙权的,年少万兜鍪,坐断东南战未休,天下英雄谁敌敌手,曹刘,生子当如孙仲谋。但是,很少有人想到,孙权其实很不容易,我们知道在魏蜀吴三国当中,孙权是最后称帝的,而且拖了八九年,而且两次放弃了称帝的机会,那么是孙权不想吗?不是不想,是他不能吗?恐怕也不是不能。
建安二十五年十月,曹丕称帝,改元黄初,第二年四月,也就是半年以后,刘备称帝,改元章武,那这个时候,孙权也可以跟着来啊,反正大汉没了,那曹丕也当皇帝了嘛,刘备也当皇帝了嘛,那阿Q都知道,和尚摸得,我摸不得,曹丕当得,我当不得,刘备当得,我当不得,他也可以当啊。再说了这个时候,大汉已经亡了啊,你不当皇帝你当什么?你按照中国古人的观点,你不是君就是臣嘛,没有第三种道路,那你不称帝,就只有称臣。那么此刻有两个皇帝了,你向谁称臣呢?孙权的选择是向曹丕称臣,也就是刘备称帝的四个月以后,孙权向曹丕称臣,再过三个月,孙权接受曹丕的封号,封为吴王,这是第一次,放弃了称帝的机会。
In the previous episode, Mr. Yi Zhongtian mentioned that Sun Quan, who was not yet an adult, took over the foundation of Jiangdong left by his father and brother. However, Jiangdong, sandwiched between Cao Wei and Shu Han, was not strong at that time. Moreover, Cao Wei was covetous towards Jiangdong, and Shu Han was hostile towards Jiangdong, and Sun Quan lacked a sense of security. Therefore, in 220 AD, Cao Pi became emperor, and Sun Quan became a minister. Six months later, Liu Bei became emperor, and Sun Quan remained unmoved. But eight years after Cao Pi became emperor, Sun Quan firmly established himself in Jiangshan, developed his strength, and finally ascended the throne in Jiangdong. How did he achieve this step? What kind of person is he? Professor Yi Zhongtian from Xiamen University Visits Hundreds of Lectures to Enjoy “Sitting in the Southeast”, One of the Three Kingdoms
In the previous episode, we raised a question: Why is Sun Quan worth choosing from people like Zhou Yu and Lu Su? Our answer is: Sun Quan indeed has the qualities of a leader, and Sun Quan is indeed a person worthy of trust. He was also a very remarkable figure during the Three Kingdoms period. Later, Xin Qiji described Sun Quan in his words as follows: “When he was a young man, he took a stand and fought in the Southeast China War. Who was the hero of the world against the enemy, Cao Liu, should have a son like Sun Zhongmou?”. However, few people think that Sun Quan is actually not easy. We know that among the three kingdoms of Wei, Shu, and Wu, Sun Quan was the last to claim the title of emperor, and he delayed for eight or nine years, and twice gave up the opportunity to claim the title of emperor. Isn’t that why Sun Quan didn’t want to? Isn’t it that he doesn’t want to, can’t he? I’m afraid it’s not impossible.
In October of the 25th year of Jian’an, Cao Pi became emperor, and the Yuan Dynasty was changed to Huangchu. In April of the following year, that is, six months later, Liu Bei became emperor, and the Yuan Dynasty was changed to Zhangwu. At that time, Sun Quan could also follow him. Anyway, the Han Dynasty was gone, so Cao Pi became emperor, and Liu Bei also became emperor. As Ah Q knows, the monk could not touch me, but Cao Pi could not be, and Liu Bei could not be, but I could not be, and he could also be. Besides, at this time, the Great Han has already died. Why don’t you be the emperor? According to the viewpoint of ancient Chinese people, you are either a monarch or a minister. Without the third path, if you do not claim to be an emperor, you will only claim to be a minister. So now that there are two emperors, to whom do you pay tribute? Sun Quan’s choice was to submit to Cao Pi. Four months after Liu Bei became emperor, Sun Quan submitted to Cao Pi. Three months later, Sun Quan accepted the title of Cao Pi and became King of Wu. This was the first time that Sun Quan had given up the opportunity to become emperor.
第二次呢,是在黄武二年,也就是曹丕魏文帝黄初四年的四月,东吴的这些群臣向孙权劝进,说大王啊,咱可以当皇帝了吧,孙权说不当,我还是不称帝。这个事儿呢,本来也是中国古代的一个惯例,就是这些人他要称公、要称王、要称帝,是要让一让的,比方说曹操当魏公的时候,其实是很想当的,大家说你也应该当,他说我不敢当,只有周公才能当,我怎么能跟周公比呢?不好意思啊,他要让三回。刘备称帝的时候也是,哎呀,这个我不能当,他也要让一让,诸葛亮还要劝进一下。可是孙权这回是真不当啊,他为什么不当呢?他要有一个说法是不是,他的说法是,哎呀,你们看看,大汉王朝现在成了这副样子,衰落到这个样子了,我作为汉臣,不能为王朝尽心尽力,已经非常惭愧了,哎呀,我哪有心思当什么皇帝呢?相信吗,大家,鬼都不信。所以他的群臣就认为他是作秀了,就继续劝进,孙权也知道那个话没人相信,就说点实在的,他就说我跟你们说句实话吧,他说上一回我本来是可以称帝的,我为什么要向曹丕称臣呢?大家想想当时是什么样的情况,是刘备在四月份称帝以后,六月份,他就带着军队打过来了,这个时候寡人(他不是还没称帝吗,当然称寡人),那个时候寡人也听说北方愿意支持我们一把,寡人也知道,那魏文帝曹丕他没安好心,他说是支持我,其实是要挟我们,意思说我们要不听他的,他一块打,那刘玄德他从西边发兵,那魏文帝他从北边发兵,那寡人不就受不了了吗,那寡人就只好忍气吞声,向他魏文帝称了个臣,但是大家看看我现在,不是跟他都翻脸了吗。这个话一半是实话,但是他只能解释上一次不称帝,他不能解释下一次为什么不称帝,所以我们来看一下时间表,我这里列了个一时间表,大家一看这个时间表,就知道孙权是怎么回事。黄初元年十月,曹丕称帝,黄初二年四月,刘备称帝,同年七月,刘备伐吴,八月孙权向曹魏称臣。这很清楚,他就是怕刘备打他,他要求援。那么到了第二年,就是黄初三年的六月,陆逊在夷陵大败刘备,大败刘备这不就翻过来了吗?翻过来以后,孙权就对曹丕的态度就不那么恭敬了,一不恭敬,曹丕一发脾气,九月份,就派三路大军伐吴。于是,十一月份,孙权改元黄武,临江据守,就是跟曹丕翻脸了,然后到黄初四年四月,刘备病逝,同时,群臣向孙权劝进,说你这时候可以当皇帝了。曹魏那边我们脸都翻了,刘备那边反正他打败了又死了,那你就可以当皇帝了,你为什么不当呢?道理很简单,以前是只跟刘备翻脸,没跟曹魏翻脸,尚且不敢称帝,现在两家都翻脸了,他还敢吗?他更不敢了,他更不安全了。实际上孙权这一生,前半生是一直没有安全感,这是他这个政权最大的一个问题,没有安全感。孙权在接受曹丕吴王封号之前,给群臣下了一道命令,这道命令值得注意,在这道命令里面,孙权说了八个字,存不忘亡,安必虑危。用现在的话来说就是居安思危的意思,他一再提醒他的将领们,据说你们现在出门身上都不带刀剑,不带随从,这是不可以的。
The second time, in the second year of Huangwu, the fourth year of the reign of Emperor Cao Pi, Wei Wen, and the fourth year of the reign of Emperor Huang, these officials of the Eastern Wu Dynasty advised Sun Quan to become an emperor, saying, “Great King, we can become emperors now.”. This matter was originally a custom in ancient China. It was these people who wanted to be called dukes, kings, and emperors. They wanted to make concessions. For example, when Cao Cao became Duke of Wei, he really wanted to be a duke. Everyone said that you should also be a duke. He said that I didn’t dare to be a duke, and only Duke of Zhou could be a duke. How could I compare with Duke of Zhou? Sorry, he wants to make it three times. “When Liu Bei became emperor, he also said, ‘Oh, I can’t be the one. He also wants to make way, and Zhuge Liang has to persuade him.'”. But Sun Quan is really inappropriate this time. Why is he inappropriate? He wants to have a statement, isn’t it? His statement is, “Oh, look, the Han Dynasty has now become such a state, and has declined to such a state. As a minister of the Han Dynasty, I cannot do my best for the dynasty, and I am already very ashamed. Alas, how could I have the heart to be an emperor?”? Believe it, everyone, ghosts don’t believe it. Therefore, his officials thought he was making a show and continued to persuade him. Sun Quan also knew that no one believed that statement, so he said to be honest. He said that I would tell you the truth. He said that last time I could have become emperor, why should I become a vassal to Cao Pi? Let’s think about what happened at that time. After Liu Bei became emperor in April, he came over with his army in June. At that time, I heard that the North was willing to support us, and I also knew that Emperor Wei Wen and Cao Pi were not well intentioned. He said he supported me, but he actually threatened us, saying we would not listen to him. He fought together, “Liu Xuande sent troops from the west, and Emperor Wei Wende sent troops from the north. Isn’t that enough for me? So I had to swallow my anger and call him Emperor Wei Wende a minister. But now, everyone, look at me. Aren’t we all upset with him?”. “This statement is half true, but he can only explain why he didn’t claim the title of emperor the previous time, and he cannot explain why he won’t claim the title of emperor the next time. So let’s take a look at the timetable. I have listed a timetable here. As soon as you look at the timetable, you will know what happened to Sun Quan.”. In October of the first year of the Yellow Emperor’s reign, Cao Pi became emperor. In April of the second year of the Yellow Emperor’s reign, Liu Bei became emperor. In July of the same year, Liu Bei attacked Wu, and in August, Sun Quan became a minister to Cao Wei. It is clear that he is afraid of Liu Bei hitting him, and he wants to ask for help. So in the second year, in June of the third year of the Yellow Emperor’s reign, Lu Xun defeated Liu Bei in Yiling. Isn’t that the reverse? After turning it over, Sun Quan’s attitude towards Cao Pi became less respectful. When he was not respectful, Cao Pi lost his temper and in September, he sent three armies to attack Wu. Therefore, in November, Sun Quan changed his position to Huang Wu, and he was stationed in Linjiang. He turned against Cao Pi. Then, in April of the fourth year of the Yellow Emperor’s reign, Liu Bei died of illness. At the same time, the officials persuaded Sun Quan that you could become emperor at this time. On the Cao Wei side, our faces turned upside down. On the Liu Bei side, he defeated and died anyway. Then you can become an emperor. Why shouldn’t you? The reason is very simple. In the past, I only had a fling with Liu Bei, not with Cao Wei, and I dare not claim the title of emperor. Now that both families have a fling, how dare he still? He’s even more afraid, he’s even less safe. In fact, during the first half of Sun Quan’s life, he had never felt secure, which was the biggest problem of his regime. He had no sense of security. Before accepting the title of King Cao Pi and King Wu, Sun Quan issued an order to his officials. This order is worth noting. In this order, Sun Quan said eight words, “Keep in mind your fate, and be careful when you are safe.”. In current words, it means to be prepared for danger in times of peace. He repeatedly reminded his generals that it is said that you are not allowed to go out without swords or attendants.