Tang Dynasty poetry＊易中天先生在以前的节目中曾经讲到，刘备为了给关于报仇，发兵攻打吴国，结果在夷陵之战中大败而归，不久病逝于永安。在病逝之前，刘备精心安排了后事，留下了一个“亮正严副”的辅臣结构，也就是以诸葛亮为正，尚书令李严为副，共同辅佐幼主刘禅。从这个安排中我们可以看到，在刘备的心目中，李严也是蜀汉的重臣。但李严在刘备死后，不仅没能起到辅臣的作用，在八年之后还被废黜和流放。在上一集易中天先生讲到，蜀汉的军政大权掌握在诸葛亮手中，幼主刘禅只是名义上的皇帝。那么，我们就面临一个尖锐的问题：诸葛亮为什么要这样做？他是想独揽大权、排除异己，还是另有原因呢？厦门大学易中天教授作客《百家讲坛》，为您精彩品三国之“难容水火”。
上一集我们讲了诸葛亮处理的第一种关系，就是他和刘禅的君臣关系。这一集我们要讲诸葛亮如何处理他的同僚关系。而在诸葛亮的诸多同僚当中，最重要的人就是李严。李严为什么重要呢？因为同为顾命，并受遗诏。《三国志·先主传》记载得非常清楚，刘备临终之前“托孤于丞相亮，尚书令李严为副。”也就是说刘备托孤的这样一个结构，是一正一副，诸葛亮为正，李严为副。而且，“以李严为中都护，统内外军事。”还有这么一句话，这句话记载在《三国志·李严传》里面。这样的一个托孤结构或者说辅臣结构，和孙策死后江东集团的情况非常相似。孙策托孤于谁呢？长史张昭；然后呢？周瑜为中护军，和长史张昭共掌众事。所以我们就可以来看一看这两个结构的比较。在孙策那边，是张昭为长史，周瑜为中护军；在刘备这边，是诸葛亮为丞相，李严为中都护。长史和丞相都是文官，主管行政。中护军和中都护都是武官，主管军事。也就是说，孙权这边是张昭为正、周瑜为副，张昭为文、周瑜为武；在刘禅这边，是诸葛亮为正、李严为副，诸葛亮为文，李严为武。周瑜与张昭共掌众事，李严与诸葛亮并受遗诏，这真是何其相似乃尔。这说明什么呢？说明在刘备的心目中，李严就是他的周瑜，或者说他希望李严能够起到当年周瑜的作用。李严的地位能不重要吗？那么我们要问，李严他起到了周瑜的作用吗？没有。李严不但没有起到周瑜的作用，而且在刘备托孤八年以后，被废为平民，身败名裂。这就留下了一个疑案，这应该说是蜀汉史上一个很大的疑案。
In a previous program, Mr. Yi Zhongtian once mentioned that Liu Bei sent troops to attack the State of Wu in order to avenge the situation, but returned after a major defeat in the Battle of Yiling. He soon fell ill and died in Yong’an. Before his illness and death, Liu Bei carefully arranged his future affairs, leaving behind a “Liang Zheng Yan Vice” auxiliary minister structure, that is, with Zhuge Liang as the principal and Li Yan as the deputy, to jointly assist the young master Liu Chan. From this arrangement, we can see that in Liu Bei’s mind, Li Yan is also an important minister of the Shu Han Dynasty. However, after Liu Bei’s death, Li Yan not only failed to serve as an auxiliary minister, but also was deposed and exiled eight years later. In the previous episode, Mr. Yi Zhongtian mentioned that the military and political power of Shu Han was in the hands of Zhuge Liang, and the young master Liu Chan was only a nominal emperor. So, we are faced with a sharp question: Why did Zhuge Liang do this? Does he want to monopolize power and eliminate dissent, or is there another reason? Professor Yi Zhongtian from Xiamen University is visiting the “Hundred Lectures” to provide you with a wonderful taste of the “difficult to tolerate water and fire” of the Three Kingdoms.
In the previous episode, we talked about the first relationship that Zhuge Liang dealt with, namely, the relationship between him and Liu Chan. In this episode, we will talk about how Zhuge Liang handled his colleague relations. Among Zhuge Liang’s many colleagues, the most important person was Li Yan. Why is Li Yan important? “Because they both took orders and received edicts.”. “The Chronicles of the Three Kingdoms: The Biography of the First Lord” clearly records that before Liu Bei died, “Liu Bei entrusted the Prime Minister Liang with Li Yan as the deputy.” That is to say, Liu Bei entrusted the structure of Gu with one principal and one deputy, Zhuge Liang as the principal and Li Yan as the deputy. “. Moreover, “Li Yan is the central guard and controls internal and external military affairs.” There is another sentence recorded in the “Three Kingdoms Annals – Biography of Li Yan. Such an orphan structure, or auxiliary minister structure, is very similar to the situation of the Jiangdong Group after Sun Ce’s death. Who did Sun Ce entrust loneliness to? Chang Shi Zhang Zhao; so what? Zhou Yu served as the middle escort, and was in charge of all affairs with Chang Shi Zhang Zhao. So we can take a look at the comparison of these two structures. On Sun Ce’s side, it was Zhang Zhao as the long history and Zhou Yu as the middle guard; On Liu Bei’s side, it was Zhuge Liang as the prime minister and Li Yan as the central guard. Both the Long Shi and the Prime Minister are civil servants in charge of administration. Both the Central Guard and the Central Guard are military officers in charge of military affairs. In other words, on Sun Quan’s side, Zhang Zhao is the leader, Zhou Yu is the deputy, Zhang Zhao is the writer, and Zhou Yu is the martial artist; On Liu Chan’s side, it was Zhuge Liang as the leader, Li Yan as the deputy, Zhuge Liang as the writer, and Li Yan as the martial artist. Zhou Yu and Zhang Zhao are in charge of all affairs, while Li Yan and Zhuge Liang are both under the edict. How similar is this. What does this mean? It shows that in Liu Bei’s mind, Li Yan is his Zhou Yu, or he hopes Li Yan can play the role of Zhou Yu back then. Can Li Yan’s position be unimportant? So we have to ask, did Li Yan play the role of Zhou Yu? No, Not only did Li Yan not play the role of Zhou Yu, but after eight years of supporting Liu Bei as an orphan, he was deposed as a civilian and ruined his reputation. This left a mystery, which should be said to be a big mystery in the history of Shu Han.
＊李严被废，这应该是三国时期蜀汉政权的一件大事。诸葛亮的副手、蜀汉重臣李严，不仅没能在官场上青云直上，还落了一个被流放的下场。这可以说是蜀汉政坛的一次政治地震，背后肯定有让人琢磨的说道。我们要分析幕后的原因，就要先把事情的来龙去脉理清楚，首先我们要知道，李严是为什么被废的？他又是怎样被废的呢？
我们这一集就要分析这个疑案。要分析这个疑案，我们首先就必须回答，李严是为什么和怎么被废的。事情大概是这样，蜀汉建兴九年，也就是公元231年，诸葛亮四出祁山，北伐曹魏，命令李平独运军粮。李平是谁呢？就是李严，李严这个时候已经改名叫李平了。为了让我们的观众能听得更方便一点，在我们这集电视节目里面我们不用他的新名字李平，我们统称李严。李严这个时候到了成都，受命代理丞相府的政务，而且负责给诸葛亮催办督运军粮。但是到了夏秋之季，天降大雨，运粮不济，粮草运不到前方。这个时候李严也就是李平，就派人去跟诸葛亮讲，这个粮草运不过去了，是不是就撤军呢？诸葛亮同意了。因为我们知道，兵马未动，粮草先行，粮草运不过去了这个仗就没法打了，于是诸葛亮就撤军了。那么诸葛亮撤军的消息一传到成都，李严就故意装作大惊小怪的样子说：哎，丞相怎么撤兵了？粮草很多呀，他怎么回来了？然后又打一封报告给刘禅，说丞相这个撤兵是假的，伪退，目的是诱敌深入。等诸葛亮回到成都以后，就发现李严在那儿颠三倒四，于是诸葛亮就把李严跟他的所有来往的亲笔的书信全部出示。《三国志·李严传》的说法是：“亮具出其前后手笔，书疏本末。”就是第一封信怎么写的，第二封信怎么写的，第三封信怎么写的，都是李严亲笔所写，拿给大家看。这样一来怎么样呢？李严没话说了，《李严传》的说法是：“辞穷情竭，首谢罪负。”怎么意思呢？理屈词穷，坦白交待，低头认罪。那么李严认罪以后，诸葛亮就上表后主，把李严废为平民，流放到梓潼。所以李严在蜀汉的这个政治舞台上时间并不长，所以很多人不知道这个人物，其实是一个非常重要的人物。那么李严被废的这个过程呢，情节可疑。为什么可疑呢？第一点，犯罪动机不明，就是我们弄不清楚李严为什么要这样做。《三国志》的说法是这样十二个字：“解己不办之责，显亮不进之愆。”什么意思呢？是因为他自己军粮运不过去了，他想推卸责任，嫁祸于人。那么“解己不办之责”这句话是说得通的。“显亮不进之愆”，就是要故意显示是诸葛亮不想北伐，胆小怕事撤军的。这个不大讲得通，因为李严给刘禅的表文里说得很清楚，丞相不是不敢打仗，他是伪退，是为了诱敌深入，你不能说这个诱敌深入是给诸葛亮栽赃的。所以犯罪动机不明。第二点，作案手法拙劣。就用这样一个前言不搭后语的这么一套说辞，你就能把诸葛亮陷害了？那诸葛亮也太好陷害了。而且你这样一个前后矛盾的说法，你如果存心要陷害诸葛亮，那你只能口传，你怎么能留下把柄呢？亲笔书信，你难道没有想到将来诸葛亮会把你的这些亲笔书信都拿出来个大家看吗？李严连这都想不到吗？可疑。第三，只有一面之词。就是我们现在的史书上查不到李严自己的任何说法。所以北京大学教授田余庆先生说，此案李严的所作所为，田先生给了八个字的评价：“过于乖谬，不符常情”。而且田先生还说，颇疑其间另有文章。我觉得田先生这个怀疑是很在理的。我们知道中国古代的政治是一种暗箱操作的秘密政治，公布出来的材料往往不是事情的真相。我们也怀疑这个案子的后面还有更深的东西，现在我们已经无从得知了。不过这也不是太要紧，为什么呢？第一个，李严确实是“辞穷情竭”，确实没有话说，这个我相信肯定还是真的。第二，诸葛亮废黜李严不是他的单独行动，而是联合了当时朝中的大臣二十多人联名上书，提出废除李严。在这封表文上签字的，我们说几个大家比较熟悉的人名，魏延、杨仪、邓芝、刘巴、费袆、姜维，这些人可是不同派别的。不同政治派别的人联合上书要废李严，应该说是李严犯了一个比较大的案子。结果李严就被废为平民，流放梓潼。三年以后，也就是蜀汉建兴十二年，诸葛亮去世，李严听到诸葛亮去世的消息以后，发病而死。
The abolition of Li Yan should have been a major event of the Shu Han regime during the Three Kingdoms period. Li Yan, Zhuge Liang’s deputy and a key official of the Shu Dynasty, not only failed to rise to prominence in the official arena, but also ended up in exile. This can be said to be a political earthquake in the Shu Han political arena, and there must be something intriguing behind it. To analyze the reasons behind the scenes, we need to first clarify the origin and origin of the matter. First, we need to know why Li Yan was abolished? How was he abolished?
We will analyze this mystery in this episode. To analyze this mystery, we must first answer why and how Li Yan was abolished. In the ninth year of Jianxing in the Shu Han Dynasty, that is, in 231 AD, Zhuge Liang went out of the Qi Mountains and attacked the Cao and Wei Dynasties in the north, ordering Li Ping to transport military rations alone. Who is Li Ping? It’s Li Yan, who has changed his name to Li Ping at this time. In order to make it easier for our audience to listen, we don’t use his new name Li Ping in our TV program. We collectively call him Li Yan. When Li Yan arrived in Chengdu at this time, he was appointed to act as the government representative of the Prime Minister’s Office, and was also responsible for urging Zhuge Liang to handle and supervise the transportation of military rations. However, in the summer and autumn seasons, it rained heavily, and the transportation of grain was not sufficient. The grain and grass could not reach the front. At this time, Li Yan, also known as Li Ping, sent someone to tell Zhuge Liang that the grain and grass could not be transported, so should we withdraw our troops? Zhuge Liang agreed. “Because we know that the troops and horses have not moved, and the food and grass have gone first. If the food and grass cannot be transported through, this battle cannot be fought. Therefore, Zhuge Liang withdrew his troops.”. As soon as the news of Zhuge Liang’s withdrawal reached Chengdu, Li Yan deliberately pretended to make a fuss and said, “Hey, how did the Prime Minister withdraw his troops?”? There’s a lot of food and grass. Why did he come back? Then he sent a report to Liu Chan, saying that the Prime Minister’s withdrawal was false and aimed at luring the enemy deeper. After Zhuge Liang returned to Chengdu, he found Li Yan wandering around there, so Zhuge Liang showed all the handwritten letters Li Yan had exchanged with him. The saying in “The Chronicles of the Three Kingdoms – Biography of Li Yan” is: “The front and back strokes are clearly displayed, and the book is sparse.” This is how the first letter was written, how the second letter was written, and how the third letter was written. All these were written by Li Yan in his own handwriting, and I will show you. How about this? Li Yan has nothing to say, but the saying in “Biography of Li Yan” is: “If you leave the poor and feel exhausted, you will be the first to apologize for your guilt.” What does it mean? To plead guilty, to confess, and to plead guilty. After Li Yan pleaded guilty, Zhuge Liang went to court and deposed Li Yan as a civilian, exiling him to Zitong. Therefore, Li Yan has not been on the political stage of Shu Han for a long time, so many people do not know this character. In fact, he is a very important figure. What about the process of Li Yan’s abolishment? The plot is suspicious. Why is it suspicious? The first point is that the motive for the crime is unclear, which is why Li Yan did this. The saying in “The Annals of the Three Kingdoms” is in the following 12 words: “Solve the responsibility of not doing things yourself, and highlight the wrongdoing of not entering.” What does it mean? “It was because his own military rations could not be transported, and he wanted to shirk responsibility and blame others.”. So the phrase “relieving oneself of the responsibility for not doing it” makes sense. “Showing the fault of not advancing” means deliberately showing that it was Zhuge Liang who did not want to go on the Northern Expedition and was afraid to withdraw his troops. This doesn’t make much sense, because Li Yan made it clear in his statement to Liu Chan that the Prime Minister wasn’t afraid to fight, he was faking his retreat to lure the enemy deeper. You can’t say that this luring the enemy deeper was planted by Zhuge Liang. So the motive for the crime is unclear. Secondly, the method of committing the crime is poor. With such a set of words that don’t fit in the background, you can frame up Zhuge Liang? Then Zhuge Liang was too easy to frame. And if you have such a contradictory statement that you deliberately want to frame Zhuge Liang, you can only spread it orally. How can you leave a handle on it? Writing your own letters, didn’t you expect Zhuge Liang to show everyone these handwritten letters in the future? Did Li Yan even think of this? suspicious. Third, there is only one side to it. “We can’t find any of Li Yan’s own statements in our current history books.”. Therefore, Professor Tian Yuqing of Peking University said that what Li Yan did in this case, Mr. Tian gave an eight word evaluation: “Too absurd, not in line with normal circumstances.”. Moreover, Mr. Tian said that he was quite suspicious of other articles. I think Mr. Tian’s suspicion is quite reasonable. We know that ancient Chinese politics was a kind of secret politics operated in a dark box, and the materials disclosed were often not the truth of the matter. We also suspect that there is something deeper behind this case, and now we have no way to know. But it doesn’t matter too much, why? The first is that Li Yan is indeed “exhausted in his words”, and indeed has no words to say. I believe this is definitely true. Secondly, Zhuge Liang’s ousting of Li Yan was not his sole action, but rather a joint petition by more than 20 ministers from the court at that time proposing to abolish Li Yan. “In signing this form, we say the names of several familiar people, Wei Yan, Yang Yi, Deng Zhi, Liu Ba, Fei Fei, and Jiang Wei. These people are from different factions.”. “People from different political factions have jointly written to abolish Li Yan. It should be said that Li Yan committed a relatively large case.”. As a result, Li Yan was deposed as a civilian and exiled to Zitong. Three years later, in the 12th year of Jianxing in the Shu Han Dynasty, Zhuge Liang died. After Li Yan heard the news of Zhuge Liang’s death, he fell ill and died.
＊综合以上易中天先生所讲我们可以看出，这是一个疑案，甚至可以说是蜀汉历史上一个举足轻重的疑案。在这场政治风波中，是诸葛亮在玩弄权术、排斥异己，还是李严争权夺利、自取灭亡？要弄清楚事情的真相，我们有必要看一看诸葛亮和李严成为托孤大臣之后他们之间权力、地位的比较，我们还要看看李严在被废之前的表现。通过这两件事情，我们能够看到什么样的玄机呢？
我们知道刘备托孤是在永安，也就是现在重庆的奉节，把诸葛亮和李严从成都召来托孤。托孤以后，诸葛亮就回到了成都，李严就留在了永安。刘禅继位以后，诸葛亮封武乡侯。李严封都乡侯；而且假节，就是授予他尚方宝剑；加光禄勋，就是再给他加一个荣誉职务。到了建兴四年的时候，李严由辅汉将军晋升为前将军。辅汉将军就是我们上一集说的杂号将军，前将军就是上一集说的名号将军，就是从副教授升为正教授了。到了蜀汉建兴八年，李严又升了一把，升为骠骑将军，后来还到了成都。那么应该说，从刘备托孤到李严被废，这个人是步步高升。但是实际上如何呢？实际上他和诸葛亮相比是处处不如。我们也来看一个表，这是刘备托孤以后李严和诸葛亮权力、地位的比较。诸葛亮怎么样呢？返回成都，主持朝政，“政事无巨细，咸决于亮”。李严如何呢？留镇永安，远离朝廷。那么这样一来的结果是什么呢？就是这个王朝的大事小事都由诸葛亮说了算。而李严呢，无法参与朝政，难以辅佐少主，疏远了官场的关系，失去了表现的机会。因为他长期在外面，远离了政治中心，这样他逐渐地就被政治中心所遗忘、所抛弃。这是第一点不如。第二点，诸葛亮以丞相的身份领益州牧；而李严呢，李严当了前将军以后曾经要求当一个刺史，没有得到批准。第三点不如呢，诸葛亮是开府治事的。我一再强调开府不开府有很大的区别，开府就意味着有自己独立的办公系统和独立的权力，而李严是没有的。而且李严提出了这个要求，也没有得到批准。所以李严表面上步步高升，实际上处处不如。因此李严和诸葛亮的关系，是表面上相安无事，实际上离心离德。诸葛亮要北伐，调李严的军队，李严不去，不发兵。不但不发兵，还提出一个要求来，说我要做个巴州刺史。没有被批准，可能是不了了之。后来，诸葛亮要西征，又命令李严出兵到汉中，李严又不去。李严说，我要开府，说现在曹魏那边陈群、司马懿都开府了，陈群、司马懿不是顾命大臣吗？顾命大臣就可以开府，你是顾命大臣，我也是顾命大臣，我为什么不能开府？又不得到批准。当然诸葛亮让了一步，说这样吧，你来吧，你到成都来，江州就交给你的儿子，就是李丰。因为李严后来从永安到了江洲了。这就是他们两个的这样一个关系。根据这样一个关系，学者们得出截然不同的结论。一派意见以余明侠先生为代表，是谴责李严的。余先生的原话是，他说以上材料证明，李严完全是一个狡诈、自私、阴险、残忍、不以国事为重的恶劣分子。而诸葛亮呢，顾全大局、一让再让，李严得寸进尺、贪得无厌。从杂号将军升为了名号将军，还不满足，还要一块巴州当刺史，后来又要求开府，一而再、再而三地要官、要权力，十分恶劣。所以自取灭亡是活该的，这是一派意见。另一派以尹韵公先生为代表，认为李严提出来要当巴州刺史，后来提出来要开府，是光明正大、理直气壮地维护自己的合法权益，是一个维权行动。为什么呢？他因为是并受遗诏的顾命大臣，既然我们两个都是顾命大臣，为什么你可以开府我不能开府，你领了益州牧我当个刺史还不行吗？有什么不行呢？尹韵公先生认为李严和诸葛亮的矛盾，主要因为是诸葛亮不容他人染指最高权力。尹先生说诸葛亮这个人，他用了12个字的评价：权欲极盛、擅权心烈、善于玩权，是一个玩弄权术的高手和老手。所谓忍让不过是做姿态，等到李严一不小心自己送上门来，对不起，一棍子就打入了最底层。这两个结论是对于同样的史实得出来的，他们对于这个史实本身都没有争议，看法完全相反。
From what Mr. Yi Zhongtian has said above, we can see that this is a doubtful case, even a pivotal doubtful case in the history of Shu Han. In this political turmoil, is it Zhuge Liang playing tricks on power and excluding dissent, or is it Li Yan fighting for power and profit and seeking his own destruction? To understand the truth of the matter, it is necessary for us to take a look at the comparison of power and status between Zhuge Liang and Li Yan after they became Minister of Toru Gu. We also need to look at the performance of Li Yan before they were abolished. Through these two events, what kind of mystery can we see?
We know that Liu Bei was in Yong’an, now Fengjie in Chongqing, when he summoned Zhuge Liang and Li Yan from Chengdu to support him. After supporting Dugu Aotian, Zhuge Liang returned to Chengdu and Li Yan stayed in Yong’an. After Liu Chan succeeded to the throne, Zhuge Liang granted the title of Marquis of Wuxiang. Li Yan made the capital a township marquis; And the false festival is to grant him the Shangfang Sword; To add Guangluxun is to add another honorary position to him. In the fourth year of Jianxing, Li Yan was promoted from General Fu Han to a former general. General Fu Han is the miscellaneous general we mentioned in the previous episode, while the former general is the famous general mentioned in the previous episode, and he has been promoted from an associate professor to a full professor. In the eighth year of Jianxing in the Shu Han Dynasty, Li Yan was promoted to the rank of General Piaoqi, and later to Chengdu. “So it should be said that from Liu Bei’s support to Li Yan’s abolition, this person has risen steadily.”. But actually what? In fact, he is inferior to Zhuge Liang in everything. Let’s also take a look at a table, which is a comparison of the power and status of Li Yan and Zhuge Liang after Liu Bei entrusted them with orphans. How about Zhuge Liang? Returning to Chengdu, he presided over the court and said, “There is no big or small political matter, and salt is determined by brightness.”. How about Li Yan? Stay in Yong’an, away from the imperial court. So what is the result of this? It is Zhuge Liang who the final say the major and minor matters of this dynasty. As for Li Yan, he was unable to participate in the court and assist the young lord, alienating the relationship between the officialdom and losing the opportunity to perform. Because he has been outside for a long time and far away from the political center, he has gradually been forgotten and abandoned by the political center. This is not as good as the first point. Secondly, Zhuge Liang led Yizhou herdsmen as prime minister; As for Li Yan, after becoming a former general, Li Yan once asked to become an assassin, but he didn’t get approval. The third point is not as good as Zhuge Liang. He is the founder of the government. I have repeatedly emphasized that there is a big difference between Kaifu and Kaifu. Kaifu means having its own independent office system and independent power, which Li Yan does not have. Moreover, Li Yan proposed this request, but it was not approved. So Li Yan seems to be rising steadily, but in fact, he is nowhere near as good. Therefore, the relationship between Li Yan and Zhuge Liang is seemingly peaceful, but actually estranged. Zhuge Liang wanted to carry out the Northern Expedition and transfer Li Yan’s army. Li Yan would not go or send troops. Not only did I not send troops, but I also made a request that I should be a governor of Bazhou. If it is not approved, it may not be settled. Later, Zhuge Liang ordered Li Yan to send troops to Hanzhong, but Li Yan refused to go. Li Yan said, “I want to open the government. He said that now Chen Qun and Sima Yi from the Cao and Wei dynasties have opened their government. Aren’t Chen Qun and Sima Yi ministers who are in charge of their orders?”? A minister who cares about his life can open the government. You are a minister who cares about his life, and I am also a minister who cares about his life. Why can’t I open the government? And not approved. Of course, Zhuge Liang made a concession and said, “Come on, you come to Chengdu, and Jiangzhou will be handed over to your son, Li Feng.”. Because Li Yan later arrived at Jiangzhou from Yong’an. This is the relationship between the two of them. Based on such a relationship, scholars have drawn entirely different conclusions. A group of opinions, represented by Mr. Yu Mingxia, condemned Li Yan. In Mr. Yu’s original words, he said that the above materials prove that Li Yan is completely a cunning, selfish, insidious, cruel, and unscrupulous person who does not attach importance to national affairs. As for Zhuge Liang, he took the overall situation into consideration and conceded again and again. Li Yan was insatiable and greedy. “I was not satisfied when I was promoted from a miscellaneous general to a famous general, and I still wanted a piece of Bazhou to be the governor. Later, I asked for the opening of the government, and again and again demanded officials and power. It was very bad.”. Therefore, self-destruction deserves it. This is a school of opinion. The other faction, represented by Mr. Yin Yungong, believes that Li Yan’s proposal to become a governor of Bazhou and later to open the government is an act of upholding their legitimate rights and interests in a fair and upright manner, and is a right safeguarding action. Why? “Because he is a minister in charge of life and has received a decree, since both of us are ministers in charge of life, why can you open the mansion and I can’t open it? Can’t you take Yizhou Pastoral and I become an inspector?”? Why not? Mr. Yin Yungong believes that the main reason for the contradiction between Li Yan and Zhuge Liang is that Zhuge Liang does not allow others to interfere with the highest power. Mr. Yin said that Zhuge Liang was a person who used 12 words to evaluate: he had a strong desire for power, a strong desire to be good at power, and was good at playing with power. He was a master and veteran of power tricks. The so-called forbearance is nothing more than a gesture. When Li Yan accidentally delivers it to his door, I’m sorry, but with a stick, he hits the bottom. These two conclusions are based on the same historical fact, and they have no dispute about the historical fact itself, with completely opposite views.
