这是一次曹操统一中国北方的大决战,这是一场以少胜多的著名战役,这又是一个让人思考、发人深省的历史事件。袁绍人多势众,曹操兵少将寡,然而曹操的军队却以一当十,大败袁绍。那么曹操是如何以少胜多、以弱胜强的呢?这一场战争的过程究竟怎样?敬请关注《易中天品三国之一决雌雄》!
This was a decisive battle for Cao Cao’s unification of northern China. It was a famous battle in which a few defeated many, and it was also a thought-provoking and thought-provoking historical event. Yuan Shao had many powerful people, and Cao Cao’s army had few major generals. However, Cao Cao’s army defeated Yuan Shao with one against ten. So how did Cao Cao defeat many with few and defeat strong with weak? What is the process of this war? Please pay attention to “Yi Zhong Tian Pin: A showdown of the Three Kingdoms”!
从公元190年到公元200年,经过近十年的诸侯混战,形成了势力最强的两大集团,这就是曹操集团和袁绍集团。袁绍获得了翼州、青州、并州、幽州四州的土地,雄居北方;曹操的势力西达关中,东到兖州、豫州、徐州,控制了黄河以南、淮汉以北的大部分地区,与袁绍形成了沿黄河下游南北对峙的局面。此时,杨奉已灭,吕布已亡,袁术已死,张绣已降,孙策据守江东,刘表中立观望,局势变得十分明朗,那就是袁绍和曹操两雄不并立,必须一决雌雄。
当时,袁绍的实力远远胜过曹操,自然不甘屈居于曹操之下,于是袁绍决定进攻曹操,这就发生了历史上有名的“官渡之战”。那么,兵力微弱的曹操是如何应对势力强大的袁绍的呢?厦门大学易中天教授做客《百家讲坛》,为您精彩讲述那段波澜壮阔的历史,《易中天品三国》之“一决雌雄”正在播出,敬请关注!
From AD 190 to AD 200, after nearly a decade of feuding among the vassal states, the two most powerful groups were formed, namely the Cao Cao Group and the Yuan Shao Group. Yuan Shao acquired the land of four states, namely, Yizhou, Qingzhou, Bingzhou, and Youzhou, and lived in the north; Cao Cao’s influence reached Guanzhong in the west and Yanzhou, Yuzhou, and Xuzhou in the east. He controlled most of the areas south of the Yellow River and north of the Huaihan River, forming a north-south confrontation with Yuan Shao along the lower reaches of the Yellow River. At this point, Yang Feng has been extinguished, Lv Bu has died, Yuan Shu has died, Zhang Xiu has surrendered, Sun Ce is holding Jiangdong, and Liu Biao is neutral and watching. The situation becomes very clear, that is, Yuan Shao and Cao Cao do not stand side by side, and must have a showdown.
At that time, Yuan Shao’s strength was far superior to Cao Cao, and he was naturally unwilling to succumb to Cao Cao. Therefore, Yuan Shao decided to attack Cao Cao, which led to the famous “Battle of Guandu” in history. So, how did Cao Cao, with his weak military strength, cope with the powerful Yuan Shao? Professor Yi Zhongtian from Xiamen University is a guest at “The Hundred Lectures” to tell you a wonderful story about that magnificent history. The “showdown” of “Yi Zhongtian and the Three Kingdoms” is on the air, please pay attention!
易中天:
我们今天讲官渡之战,战争是在建安五年二月正式打响的,一共分为四个阶段。
官渡之战的第一个阶段交锋阶段
Yi Zhongtian:
Today, we are talking about the Battle of Guandu, which was officially launched in February of the fifth year of Jian’an, and is divided into four stages.
The first stage of the Battle of Guandu
第一个阶段是“交锋阶段”,袁绍先发制人,建安五年二月,袁绍驻军黎阳,在黄河的北岸,派大将颜良攻打隔河的白马,同时派大将文丑进攻延津,主战场是在白马。这个时候驻守白马的是刘延,刘延有三千人,这样打到建安五年四月的时候刘延顶不住了,给曹操写了一封鸡毛信求援,曹操也知道刘延顶不住,决定增援白马。这个时候曹操的一个谋士叫做荀攸的就跟曹操说,咱不打白马,我们打延津,曹操马上就明白过来了,什么意思呢?声东击西,现在我不是白马吃紧吗?我们不打白马,我们军队从延津出发渡过黄河,做出一副要包抄袁绍后路的这样一个架势,袁绍一定会上当受骗,增援延津。曹操马上采纳了荀攸的这个建议,率领一支部队大张旗鼓地向延津方向挺进。请注意,他这个进军是大张旗鼓,故意让袁绍的侦察兵知道,于是袁绍的侦察兵马上回去报告,果然袁绍上当受骗,派出人马增援延津。但是曹操走到半路的时候,曹操下令部队原地休息,然后派一支轻骑兵抄小路直扑白马,为首的将军(之一)就是关羽。
The first stage is the “confrontation stage”, in which Yuan Shao first launched the army. In February of the fifth year of Jian’an, Yuan Shao stationed his troops in Liyang. On the north bank of the Yellow River, he sent General Yan Liang to attack Baima across the river, while sending General Wen Chou to attack Yanjin. The main battlefield is in Baima. At this time, it was Liu Yan who was stationed at Baima. Liu Yan had 3000 people. By the time of the fifth year of Jian’an’s reign, Liu Yan was unable to support Baima. He wrote a chicken feather letter to Cao Cao asking for help. Cao Cao also knew that Liu Yan could not support Baima and decided to reinforce Baima. At this time, a counselor of Cao Cao named Xun You told Cao Cao, “We don’t fight against white horses, we fight against Yanjin, and Cao Cao immediately understood. What does that mean?”? Don’t I feel like I’m running out of steam now? “We don’t fight against white horses. Our army set out from Yanjin to cross the Yellow River, posing as if to outflank Yuan Shao’s back road. Yuan Shao will surely be deceived and reinforce Yanjin.”. Cao Cao immediately adopted Xun You’s suggestion and led a troop to march towards Yanjin with great fanfare. Please note that his march was a blatant attempt to let Yuan Shao’s scouts know, so Yuan Shao’s scouts immediately returned to report that Yuan Shao was indeed deceived and sent troops to reinforce Yanjin. But when Cao Cao was halfway there, he ordered his troops to rest in place, and then sent a light cavalry to attack the White Horse by copying the path. One of the generals headed by him was Guan Yu.
*在这里还有一段插曲。公元199年末,当曹操正部署和袁绍作战时,刘备起兵反抗曹操,并积极与袁绍联系,打算合力夹攻曹操。曹操亲自率领精兵攻打刘备,一举占领了沛县,收复了徐州,刘备全军覆败,带领少数兵马逃往河北投奔到了袁绍的帐下。关羽无力抵抗,投降了曹操。
There is also an episode here. At the end of AD 199, when Cao Cao was deploying to fight Yuan Shao, Liu Bei rose up against Cao Cao and actively contacted Yuan Shao, intending to join forces to attack Cao Cao. Cao Cao personally led the elite troops to attack Liu Bei, occupying Peixian County and recovering Xuzhou. Liu Bei’s entire army was defeated, leading a small number of troops to flee to Hebei and flee to Yuan Shao’s account. Unable to resist, Guan Yu surrendered to Cao Cao.
关羽投降曹操以后,曹操对他非常好,关羽当时就做了一个决定:为曹操立下汗马功劳以后再回去找他哥哥刘备。那么关羽还有其他将领带着这支轻骑兵扑到白马,颜良措手不及,被关羽力斩马下。这个时候,袁绍才发现是上当了,中了声东击西,调虎离山之计,然后派刘备和文丑转过来拦截曹操。而曹操也很清楚,白马这个地方虽然解围了,但是这个地方不能再守,袁绍一定会反扑过来,而且我们白马一定守不住。而且袁绍一旦得到了白马以后,他一定要拿白马的老百姓出气,要屠城,因此曹操决定带着白马的老百姓沿着黄河往延津走。我们读《三国演义》的人都知道,刘备打败仗以后走的时候要带上老百姓的,恐怕很少有人知道曹操撤退的时候也是带老百姓的。曹操带着这么多白马的老百姓往延津走,当然是走得很慢了,结果呢,撞上了刘备和文丑的军队。
After Guan Yu surrendered to Cao Cao, Cao Cao treated him very well. At that time, Guan Yu made a decision: After making great contributions to Cao Cao, he would go back to find his brother Liu Bei. Then Guan Yu and others threw the light cavalry with a tie at the white horse. Yan Liang was unprepared and was beheaded by Guan Yu. At this time, Yuan Shao realized that he had been deceived, and was caught in a scheme of diversion and diversion. He then sent Liu Bei and the literary clown to turn around and intercept Cao Cao. And Cao Cao was also very clear that although the White Horse area had been liberated, it could no longer be defended. Yuan Shao would definitely come back and we, the White Horse, would definitely not be able to defend it. Moreover, once Yuan Shao obtained the White Horse, he must take it out on the people of the White Horse and slaughter the city. Therefore, Cao Cao decided to take the people of the White Horse along the Yellow River to Yanjin. “Those of us who read” The Romance of the Three Kingdoms “all know that Liu Bei had to take the people with him when he left after his defeat. I’m afraid few people know that Cao Cao also took the people with him when he retreated.”. Cao Cao led so many white horse people to Yanjin, but of course he walked very slowly. As a result, he ran into the army of Liu Bei and Wen Chou.