建安十二年,曹操平定了北方,孙权坐稳了江山,刘备得到了诸葛亮,原本希望守住荆州以观时变的刘表好日子到头了。建安十三年,孙权和曹操开始对荆州下手,刘表和他的荆州,包括依附刘表的刘备都面临危机,那么,他们的命运究竟如何呢?厦门大学易中天教授做客《百家讲坛》,为您精彩品三国之——兵临城下。
在上一集中,易中天先生讲到,荆州是三国时期的战略要地,荆州的州牧刘表又是一个没有多少能力的庸碌之辈,于是各路豪强开始对荆州虎视眈眈。当时力量最强大的曹操在安顿好后方后,在建安十三年七月开始南下征荆州,一时间,战争的阴云笼罩在这个十多年没有发生过战事的富饶之地。庸庸碌碌的刘表和有英雄之志的刘备,都面临危机,那么,他们的命运究竟如何呢?厦门大学易中天教授做客《百家讲坛》,为您精彩品三国之“兵临城下”。
In the 12th year of Jian’an, Cao Cao calmed the north, Sun Quan settled the mountains, and Liu Bei obtained Zhuge Liang. The good days of Liu Biao, who had hoped to hold Jingzhou and watch the times change, were over. In the 13th year of Jian’an, Sun Quan and Cao Cao began to attack Jingzhou. Liu Biao and his Jingzhou, including Liu Bei, who was dependent on Liu Biao, faced a crisis. So, what was their fate? Professor Yi Zhongtian from Xiamen University is a guest at “The Hundred Lectures”, presenting you with a wonderful tasting of the Three Kingdoms: the Battle of the City.
In the previous episode, Mr. Yi Zhongtian mentioned that Jingzhou was a strategic location during the Three Kingdoms period, and the Zhou Mu Liu Biao of Jingzhou was a mediocre generation with little ability. Therefore, various powerful forces began to covet Jingzhou. After settling down in the rear, Cao Cao, the most powerful at that time, began his expedition south to Jingzhou in July of the 13th year of Jian’an. For a moment, the cloud of war shrouded in this fertile land, where there had been no war for more than a decade. The mediocre Liu Biao and the heroic Liu Bei are both facing crisis, so what is their fate? Professor Yi Zhongtian from Xiamen University is a guest at “The Hundred Lectures”, presenting you with a wonderful taste of the Three Kingdoms: “War on the City”.
易中天:
上一集我们讲到,荆州牧刘表是一个不幸的幸运儿,他的幸运在于他得到了荆州,他的不幸也在于他得到了荆州,可以说是成业荆州,败也荆州,生也荆州,死也荆州,因为荆州是当时争夺天下的必争之地。建安十三年的春天,孙权先动手了,我们知道在鲁肃为孙权所做的战略规划中,也就是东吴版的“隆中对”当中,荆州是必须拿下的,后来甘宁又向孙权做出了同样的建议。孙权采纳这个建议,在建安十三年的春天西击江夏太守黄祖,而且灭了黄祖。孙权的这个胜利使曹操感到时不我待,曹操非常明白孙权一旦的手,天下形势将发生重大的变化,因为孙权拿下了江夏以后就可以觊觎江陵,就可以图谋襄阳,就可以鲸吞荆州,这个结果曹操是不愿意看到的。
Yi Zhongtian:
In the previous episode, we mentioned that Liu Biao, a herdsman in Jingzhou, was an unfortunate and fortunate person. His fortune lay in his acquisition of Jingzhou, and his misfortune also lay in his acquisition of Jingzhou. It can be said that Jingzhou became a successful state, lost Jingzhou, was born in Jingzhou, and died in Jingzhou, because Jingzhou was a necessary place to compete for the world at that time. In the spring of the 13th year of Jian’an, Sun Quan first started. We know that in Lu Su’s strategic plan for Sun Quan, which is the Eastern Wu version of “Long Zhong Pai”, Jingzhou had to win. Later, Gan Ning made the same suggestion to Sun Quan. Sun Quan adopted this suggestion, and in the spring of the 13th year of Jian’an’s reign, he attacked Huang Zu, the governor of the Jiangxia Prefecture, and exterminated Huang Zu. The victory of Sun Quan made Cao Cao feel that there was no time to wait. Cao Cao was very aware that once Sun Quan took over, the world situation would undergo significant changes, because after Sun Quan took over Jiangxia, he could covet Jiangling, plot for Xiangyang, and devour Jingzhou, a result that Cao Cao did not want to see.
曹操也是早就要拿下荆州的,而且做了准备,曹操做了四件事情:第一件事情是训练水兵,曹操在邺城挖了一个玄武湖,因为打荆州要用水军啊。第二个事情,曹操自任丞相,曹操把东汉的那个三公制度改了,恢复了西汉初年的丞相、御使大夫的制度,而且自任丞相,大权独揽,这两件事情在军事上和政治上保证了曹操一统天下的这个目标能够实现。第三件事情,他安排了三员大将,张辽、于禁、乐进三个人驻兵许都周围,把许都保卫起来,解除后顾之忧。第四件事情,曹操安抚了在关中的马腾,而且扣押了马腾的家属作为人质,也是要解除后顾之忧。做完这四件事情之后,建安十三年的七月,曹操南下征荆州。
*在曹操大军压境下,荆州危在旦夕,度过了十多年太平日子的荆州转眼间就阴云密布。但就在这个紧要关头,荆州的拥有者刘表却一病不起,即将离开人世。面对依附于自己,而且有雄心壮志的刘备,重病中的刘表对他说了什么?刘备的反应又是什么呢?易中天先生是怎样分析的呢?
Cao Cao was already about to take Jingzhou and made preparations. He did four things: The first thing was to train sailors. Cao Cao dug a Xuanwu Lake in Yecheng, because fighting Jingzhou required the use of water troops. The second thing is that Cao Cao appointed himself as prime minister. Cao Cao changed the system of three officials in the Eastern Han Dynasty, restored the system of prime ministers and imperial envoys in the early years of the Western Han Dynasty, and assumed sole power as prime minister. These two events ensured the realization of Cao Cao’s goal of unifying the world militarily and politically. The third thing, he arranged for three senior generals, Zhang Liao, Yu Jin, and Le Jin, to stationed around Xu Du to protect Xu Du and relieve the worries behind him. The fourth thing, Cao Cao comforted Ma Teng in the middle of the pass, and took Ma Teng’s family as hostages, also to relieve the worries behind him. After completing these four things, in July of the 13th year of Jian’an, Cao Cao went south to invade Jingzhou.
Under the pressure of Cao Cao’s army, Jingzhou was in imminent danger. After more than a decade of peaceful days, Jingzhou quickly became overcast. However, at this critical juncture, Liu Biao, the owner of Jingzhou, fell ill and was about to die. What did Liu Biao, who was seriously ill, say to Liu Bei, who was dependent on himself and ambitious? What was Liu Bei’s reaction? How did Mr. Yi Zhongtian analyze it?
曹操的军队开过来的时候,刘表病重了,八月份,刘表一病身亡。据《三国志》裴松之注所引的《魏书》说刘表临终之前曾托国于刘备,刘表把刘备请来说:唉,我这两个儿子都不怎么顶用——刘表这个儿子不太顶用大概也是个事实,所以后来曹操曾经说过一句有名的话,说生个儿子就生个孙权这样的,如果像刘景升的那两个儿子呢,太不成气。所以才有后来一句名言叫做“生子当如孙仲谋”,刘表说——我这两个儿子不中用,我的这些将领也七零八落的,我死了以后,足下就代管荆州吧!刘备回答怎么回答呢,刘备说:哎呀,几位公子都很能干啊,阁下还是好好养病吧。后来刘备出来以后人家就说,哎,这么好的事,天生掉下一馅饼你怎么不接着呀?刘备说,哎呀,这个人对我是很厚道的,对我是很好的,我怎么能拿人家的地盘呢?我不忍啊,我不忍心啊。
When Cao Cao’s army arrived, Liu Biao became seriously ill. In August, Liu Biao fell ill and died. According to the “Wei Shu” cited by Pei Songzhi in the “Records of the Three Kingdoms”, Liu Biao entrusted his country to Liu Bei before he died. Liu Biao asked Liu Bei to say, “Alas, neither of my two sons is very useful – it may also be a fact that Liu Biao is not very useful. Therefore, later Cao Cao once said a famous saying, ‘If you have a son, you will have a Sun Quan.’ If you have two sons like Liu Jingsheng, it would be too annoying.”. That’s why there was a famous saying later, “When you give birth to a son, you should be like Sun Zhongmou.” Liu Biao said, “My two sons are useless, and my generals are scattered. After I die, let’s take charge of Jingzhou!”! “What’s Liu Bei’s answer?” Liu Bei said, ‘Oh, these young masters are very capable. Your Excellency, you should take good care of yourself.’ “. Later, when Liu Bei came out, they said, “Oh, why don’t you follow up on such a good thing that you were born with a pie?”? Liu Bei said, “Oh, this person is very kind to me and very kind to me. How can I take someone else’s territory?”? I can’t bear it, I can’t bear it.