建安十三年八月,曹操率兵南下讨伐荆州,而荆州的刘表恰恰在此时病逝,天下形势发生突变。鲁肃设计的孙权、刘表、曹操三分天下的局势已不成立,政治上极为敏感的鲁肃很快意识到了这一点,于是请命于孙权,来到荆州,名为吊唁,实为刺探情况。刘表的儿子刘琮无力抵抗,投降了曹操。鲁肃眼看荆州大势已去,就找到了刘备,表示东吴可以和他联合对抗曹操。处在败军之际的刘备已经走投无路,有一个人能够和他联合正求之不得,便欣然同意。
此时,曹操在接受荆州投降以后又拿下江陵,紧接着顺江而下,把斗争的矛头直指刘备。情况对于刘备来说,已经是非常紧急了。在这种情况下,诸葛亮挺身而出,请命和鲁肃一起到柴桑会见孙权,以求两家联合。这对于刘备集团来说,是生死攸关的大事,诸葛亮必须完成这次使命。但问题是,这件事情由不得刘备集团的一厢情愿,孙权集团和刘备集团有着不同的政治利益。那么诸葛亮能够完成这个艰巨的使命吗?
厦门大学易中天教授做客《百家讲坛》,为您精彩讲述诸葛亮出使东吴的外交才能,《易中天品三国》之“临危受命”正在播出,敬请关注。
In August of the 13th year of Jian’an, Cao Cao led his troops south to crusade against Jingzhou, while Liu Biao of Jingzhou died of illness at this time, causing a sudden change in the world situation. The situation under which Sun Quan, Liu Biao, and Cao Cao were divided by Lu Su’s design was no longer established. Lu Su, who was politically extremely sensitive, quickly realized this, and requested orders from Sun Quan to come to Jingzhou under the name of condolence, which was actually an investigation. Liu Cong, Liu Biao’s son, was unable to resist and surrendered to Cao Cao. Lu Su saw that the situation in Jingzhou was over, so he found Liu Bei and said that Soochow could unite with him against Cao Cao. At the moment of defeat, Liu Bei had no choice but to join forces with him, and he readily agreed.
At this time, after accepting the surrender of Jingzhou, Cao Cao took Jiangling and then went down the river, pointing the spearhead of the struggle directly at Liu Bei. The situation is already very urgent for Liu Bei. In this situation, Zhuge Liang stepped forward and requested to meet Sun Quan at Chaisang with Lu Su in order to unite the two families. This is a vital event for Liu Bei Group, and Zhuge Liang must complete this mission. The problem is that this matter cannot be resolved by the wishful thinking of the Liu Bei Group, which has different political interests from Sun Quan Group. Can Zhuge Liang accomplish this arduous mission?
Professor Yi Zhongtian from Xiamen University is a guest at “The Hundred Lectures” to tell you a wonderful story about Zhuge Liang’s diplomatic skills as an envoy to the Eastern Wu Dynasty. The “Taking orders in the face of danger” in “Yi Zhongtian’s Three Kingdoms” is on the air. Please pay attention.
易中天:
我们的问题是,诸葛亮这个使命好完成吗?不好完成,实际上这是一个非常艰巨的任务。为什么呢?有三个原因:第一,荆州集团和江东集团是世仇。孙策和孙权的父亲孙坚就是在攻打荆州集团的时候被刘表的部将黄祖所杀,这叫做杀父之仇;而且也就在此之前不久,建安十三年的元月孙权西征黄祖,杀了黄祖而且屠其城,这叫做夺将之恨,所以荆州集团和江东集团是有很深的隔阂的。当然在此之前,鲁肃已经出使了荆州,缓解了一下关系,另外刘备他也不是刘表,但毕竟这两个集团之间存在着隔阂。
第二点,刘备是新败之后。刚刚在当阳被曹操打得落花流水,败军之将不敢言勇,你有什么资格要求人家和你联合呢?至少在江东这边他是有顾虑的,他想一想,联合刘备这样一个刚刚打败仗的人合算不合算,这是第二个困难。
Yi Zhongtian:
Our question is, is Zhuge Liang’s mission easy to accomplish? It’s not easy to complete. In fact, it’s a very difficult task. Why? There are three reasons: First, the Jingzhou Group and the Jiangdong Group are feuds. Sun Jian, the father of Sun Ce and Sun Quan, was killed by Huang Zu, the general of Liu Biao’s army, while attacking the Jingzhou Group. This is called the revenge of killing his father; And not long before that, in the first month of the 13th year of Jian’an, Sun Quan attacked Huang Zu in the west, killing Huang Zu and slaughtering his city. This was called the hatred of seizing generals. Therefore, there was a deep estrangement between the Jingzhou Group and the Jiangdong Group. Of course, before that, Lu Su had already sent an envoy to Jingzhou to ease the relationship. In addition, Liu Bei was not Liu Biao, but after all, there was a gap between the two groups.
Secondly, Liu Bei is the new defeated. Just now, I was beaten to pieces by Cao Cao in Dangyang, and the defeated generals dare not speak up. What qualifications do you have to ask others to unite with you? At least on the Jiangdong side, he had concerns. He wondered whether it would be worthwhile to unite with a person like Liu Bei who had just lost the battle. This was the second difficulty.
第三个就是诸葛亮本人这个时候多大呢?二十七岁。因为诸葛亮在建安十二年出山,出山的时候是是二十六岁,当然我们也不很准确地知道他的生日,估计也就二十六七岁吧。而且这个时候他还没有非常大的名气,不像后来名重一时,这是刚刚出山,还是初出茅庐。第二,他也没有正式的职务,我们去看《三国志·诸葛亮传》,我们会发现刘备正式任命诸葛亮职务是在赤壁之战以后,职务是军师中郎将。
The third is how old is Zhuge Liang himself at this time? Twenty seven years old. “Because Zhuge Liang came out of the mountains in the 12th year of Jian’an, he was 26 years old when he came out. Of course, we do not know his birthday very accurately, so it is estimated that he will be in his 20s and 27s.”. And at this time, he did not have very great fame, unlike later fame, this is just emerging from the mountains, or just beginning. Secondly, he also does not have a formal position. If we look at the “Three Kingdoms Annals: The Biography of Zhuge Liang”, we will find that Liu Bei officially appointed Zhuge Liang to the position after the Battle of Chibi, and his position is as a military commander, Zhonglang General.
那么“军师”这个词大家都很熟悉,一提起诸葛亮大家都知道诸葛亮是军师,这个名号是古已有之的,三国时期作为一个正式的官职最早是曹操设立的,叫做军师祭酒,军师中郎将这个职务是刘备发明的。那么后来刘备拿下成都以后,诸葛亮被任命为军师将军。那么这个军师祭酒、军师中郎将、军师将军它有什么区别呢?军师祭酒是没有兵权的,它就是一个参谋,军师中郎将和军师将军是有军权的。所以我们如果硬要比附现在的职务,那军师祭酒就相当于参谋,军师中郎将那就是参谋长,那么军师将军就好比是个总参谋长。
“So the word” military adviser “is familiar to everyone. When it comes to Zhuge Liang, everyone knows that Zhuge Liang is a military adviser. The name has existed since ancient times. During the Three Kingdoms period, as a formal official position, it was first established by Cao Cao, known as” military adviser offering wine “. The position of military adviser Zhonglang was invented by Liu Bei.”. After Liu Bei took Chengdu, Zhuge Liang was appointed as a military general. So what’s the difference between this military ceremonial drink, military commander Lang General, and military commander General? Military division sacrificial offerings have no military power, they are just a staff officer, and military division Zhonglang General and military division General have military power. So if we insist on attaching ourselves to our current position, then the military commander’s toast is equivalent to a staff officer, and the military commander’s lieutenant general is the chief of staff, so the military commander is like a chief of general staff.
诸葛亮被任命为军师中郎将是赤壁之战后,赤壁之战前有没有职务我们史料上查不到,有职务也不会高。那么这样一个年龄,这样的一个地位,这样的一个身份,出使东吴有没有分量,那是个问题,当然东吴方面估计也知道他,也不会一点不知道,因为诸葛亮当时在荆州还是个名人,荆州士人集团有很多人是推崇他的,东吴方面不会一点不知道,但是你如果你要说东吴方面多么地推崇,恐怕也谈不上。总而言之他出使江东应该说是很困难的,很艰难,正是由于这种艰难才突显出诸葛亮的非凡的政治智慧和外交天才,所以我们要把这个艰难说清楚。
After the Battle of Chibi, Zhuge Liang was appointed Military Commander Zhonglang. Whether there were any positions before the Battle of Chibi can’t be found in historical records, and even if there were positions, they wouldn’t be high. So at this age, in this position, in this identity, whether serving as an envoy to the Soochow Kingdom has any significance or not is a question. Of course, the Soochow Kingdom probably also knows him, and it won’t be a bit unknown. Because Zhuge Liang was still a celebrity in Jingzhou at that time, there were many people in the Jingzhou Scholar Group who respected him, and the Soochow Kingdom won’t be a bit unknown. However, if you want to say how much the Soochow Kingdom respected him, I’m afraid it’s impossible to say. In short, his mission to Jiangdong should be said to be very difficult, very difficult. It is precisely because of this difficulty that Zhuge Liang’s extraordinary political wisdom and diplomatic genius are highlighted, so we need to clarify this difficulty.