董卓废立、袁绍另立、袁术自立,说明他们充其量不过是乱世枭雄,也反过来证明,只有曹操才是天才的政治家,因为只有曹操才在这个混乱的时代采取了一种成本最低、效益最高的政治策略。这是一种什么策略?曹操采用这一策略背后的玄机又是什么呢?《易中天品三国之深谋远虑》即将播出,敬请关注。
Dong Zhuo’s abolishment, Yuan Shao’s independence, and Yuan Shu’s self-reliance indicate that they are at best heroes in troubled times, which in turn proves that only Cao Cao is a talented politician, because only Cao Cao has adopted a political strategy with the lowest cost and the highest efficiency in this troubled era. What strategy is this? What is the mystery behind Cao Cao’s adoption of this strategy? “Yi Zhong Tian Pin Three Kingdoms: Forethought” will be broadcast soon, please pay attention.
易中天:
在上一集我们讲了当时的乱世枭雄们对待皇帝的三种态度和做法,第一种是董卓的,叫做废立,就是把现任皇帝废掉然后再立一个皇帝;第二种是袁绍的,叫另立,就是在现任皇帝之外他另外再立一个皇帝,当然这个没有得逞,未遂;第三种是袁术的做法,叫自立,自己当皇帝,失败了,那么这三种态度和做法他们共同的问题是成本高、风险大、效益低。相比较而言曹操就高明多了,曹操他不换皇帝,他利用这个现成的皇帝,而且把这个皇帝客客气气地供奉起来,利用皇帝这张牌来号令天下、号召诸侯,这个就是我们通常所说的“挟天子以令诸侯”。其实这个说法是可以讨论的,曹操本人和曹操集团的人从来没有说过“挟天子以令诸侯”。
*在《何去何从》一集中,易中天先生告诉我们,曹操的谋士毛玠曾经向他提出了一个建议:“奉天子以令不臣,修耕植以畜军资”,曹操采纳了谋士毛玠的建议,并予以实施。也就是说,曹操的路线和策略是“奉天子以令不臣”,而不是“挟天子以令诸侯”。那么,“挟天子以令诸侯”这一说法又是怎么来的呢?
Yi Zhongtian:
In the previous episode, we talked about three attitudes and practices of the warlords towards the emperor during the turbulent times. The first was Dong Zhuo’s, which was called abolishing the current emperor and establishing another emperor; The second type is Yuan Shao’s, which is called “another emperor”, that is, he established another emperor in addition to the current emperor. Of course, this did not succeed and was unsuccessful; The third is Yuan Shu’s approach, which is called self-reliance. He became the emperor himself and failed. The common problem with these three attitudes and approaches is that they have high costs, high risks, and low benefits. By comparison, Cao Cao is much more brilliant. He does not change emperors. He uses this ready-made emperor and politely worships him. He uses the emperor’s card to command the world and call on the vassals, which is commonly referred to as “coercing the Son of Heaven to command the vassals.”. In fact, this statement can be discussed. Cao Cao himself and the people of Cao Cao’s group have never said “to coerce the Son of Heaven to order the princes.”.
In the episode “Where to Go”, Mr. Yi Zhongtian told us that Cao Cao’s counselor, Mao Jie, once proposed to him: “Follow the orders of the Son of Heaven, not obey them, cultivate and plant livestock and military assets.” Cao Cao adopted the advice of his counselor, Mao Jie, and implemented it. In other words, Cao Cao’s line and strategy was to “serve the Son of Heaven to order but not to obey”, rather than “coerce the Son of Heaven to order the princes.”. So, how did the saying “coerce the Son of Heaven to order the princes” come from?
“挟天子以令诸侯”这个说法是人家说曹操的,比方说诸葛亮就说过这个话,他的说法是“挟天子而令诸侯”,但意思一样的。也就是说“挟天子以令诸侯”这话是曹操的敌人说他的,敌人的话不怎么靠得住吧!那么“挟天子以令诸侯”有没有人说过呢?有,谁呢?袁绍的谋士沮授,叫做“挟天子而令诸侯,畜士马以讨不庭”,可是袁绍手下其他的谋士不赞成,说这个皇帝现在是个废物啊,这么一个废物你把他接到我们这儿来干什么呢?你是朝拜他呢还是不朝拜他呢?你是请示他呢还是不请示他呢?那你肯定要朝拜、要请示,我现在把他弄来以后大事小事我都要跟皇帝请示,皇帝万一意见和我们不一样怎么办呢?我是听他的呢还是不听他的呢?我听他的显得我们没分量,我不听他的我不又是违法吗?算了算了。袁绍怎么想呢?袁绍一想,这现任皇帝那是董卓扶起来的,而且董卓要废立皇帝的时候我袁绍是不干的,我现在又去尊奉他,我不是自己打自己耳光吗?当然我现在又不可能把我主张的那个皇帝再扶起来,那个已经被董卓谋杀了,拉倒吧。那么这个事情袁绍一犹豫,曹操就抢先了一步。
The phrase “coercing the Son of Heaven to order the princes” is used by others to describe Cao Cao. For example, Zhuge Liang once said this phrase. His phrase is “coercing the Son of Heaven to order the princes”, but the meaning is the same. In other words, the words “blackmail the emperor to order the princes” were spoken by Cao Cao’s enemies, and their words are not very reliable! So, has anyone said “coercing the Son of Heaven to order the princes”? Yes, who? Yuan Shao’s counselor, Ju Shou, is called “coercing the emperor to order princes, while livestock men and horses beg for justice.” However, other counselors under Yuan Shao disapprove, saying that the emperor is now a waste. What are you doing with such a waste? Are you worshipping him or not? Are you asking for his instructions or not? “Then you must worship and ask for instructions. If I bring him here now, I will ask the emperor for instructions on major and minor matters. What if the emperor’s opinions differ from ours?”? Am I listening to him or not? “When I listen to him, it seems that we have no weight. If I don’t listen to him, wouldn’t I be illegal again?”? Forget it Forget it. What does Yuan Shao think? Yuan Shao thought about it. Dong Zhuo helped up the current emperor, and when Dong Zhuo wanted to abolish the emperor, I Yuan Shao wouldn’t do it. I’m now worshipping him again. Didn’t I slap myself in the face? Of course, it is impossible for me to raise the emperor I advocated again now. He has been murdered by Dong Zhuo, let’s pull him down. As soon as Yuan Shao hesitated about this matter, Cao Cao took the lead.