刘备占据荆州,却最终被孙权夺了回去,还搭上了左膀右臂——关羽的一条性命。这对于正打算大展鸿图的刘备,无疑是沉重打击。不肯善罢甘休的刘备随后发动了意在夺回荆州的夷陵之战,那么刘备究竟是如何指挥这场战争的呢?面对来势汹汹的刘备,东吴孙权一方又是如何应对的呢?《易中天品三国》之——夷陵之战,正在播出,敬请关注。
公元208年赤壁之战以后,辖有长江南北八郡的战略要地荆州,为曹操、刘备、孙权三方所瓜分。荆州对于刘备来说是一个至关重要的战略基地,从荆州北上可以经襄阳攻打许昌,东下则可以直捣吴国的腹地,使蜀汉处于进可攻、退可守的有利地位。然而,孙权一直对刘备不还荆州之事耿耿于怀,终于在公元219年觅得战机,夺回了荆州,杀死了刘备的左膀右臂关羽。既失荆州又失爱将的刘备当然不会就此善罢甘休,在公元221年七月亲率蜀汉军队数万人,对吴国发动了大规模的战争。
那么,刘备究竟是如何指挥这场战争的呢?面对来势汹汹的刘备,东吴孙权一方又是如何应对的呢?厦门大学易中天教授将为您精彩讲述《易中天品三国》之“夷陵之战”。
Liu Bei occupied Jingzhou, but was eventually taken back by Sun Quan, who also took the life of Guan Yu, his right arm. This is undoubtedly a heavy blow to Liu Bei, who is planning to achieve great success. Liu Bei, who refused to give up, then launched the battle of Yiling aimed at recapturing Jingzhou. How on earth did Liu Bei command this war? How did the Sun Quan side of the Eastern Wu Dynasty respond to the menacing Liu Bei? “Yi Zhong Tian Pin Three Kingdoms” – The Battle of Yiling, is being broadcast. Please pay attention.
After the Battle of Chibi in 208 AD, Jingzhou, a strategic location with eight counties in the north and south of the Yangtze River, was divided up by Cao Cao, Liu Bei, and Sun Quan. Jingzhou is a crucial strategic base for Liu Bei. From Jingzhou to the north, you can attack Xuchang through Xiangyang, and from the east, you can directly attack the hinterland of the State of Wu, placing Shu Han in a favorable position to advance and retreat. However, Sun Quan remained deeply concerned about Liu Bei’s failure to return to Jingzhou. Finally, in 219 AD, he found a fighter plane, recaptured Jingzhou, and killed Guan Yu, Liu Bei’s right-hand man. Liu Bei, who lost both Jingzhou and his beloved general, would not give up. In July 221, he personally led tens of thousands of Shu Han troops and launched a large-scale war against the State of Wu.
So, how exactly did Liu Bei command this war? How did the Sun Quan side of the Eastern Wu Dynasty respond to the menacing Liu Bei? Professor Yi Zhongtian of Xiamen University will tell you a wonderful story about the “Battle of Yiling” in “Yi Zhongtian’s Three Kingdoms”.
易中天:
建安二十四年十二月,关羽败走麦城,刘备永远地失去了荆州。这对于刘备来说,是重大损失,绝不会善罢甘休。荆州丢失以后,关羽被杀以后,按说刘备应该沉下心来总结经验,休养生息,厉兵秣马,这样才能够报仇雪恨。但是他没有,他做了什么呢?急忙称帝。公元221年四月份,刘备在现在的成都市双流县的武担山即皇帝位。六月份就开始调兵遣将,七月份御驾亲征去打孙权。
Yi Zhongtian:
In December of the 24th year of Jian’an, Guan Yu lost Maicheng, and Liu Bei lost Jingzhou forever. This is a significant loss for Liu Bei, and he will never give up. After the loss of Jingzhou and the killing of Guan Yu, it was said that Liu Bei should sink his heart to sum up his experience, recuperate, and work hard to avenge his hatred. But he didn’t, what did he do? Hastily proclaim oneself emperor. In April 221 AD, Liu Bei assumed the throne at Wudan Mountain in Shuangliu County, Chengdu City. The deployment of troops and generals began in June, and in July, the Emperor personally marched to fight against Sun Quan.
这个时候刘备下了一道命令,让张飞赶到江州,也就是现在的重庆,和他汇合。谁知道张飞的军队还没有出发,张飞本人就被部下杀了,而且把张飞的首级送到了孙权那里。张飞的死对于刘备又是一个重大损失。我们知道现在刘备的情况怎么样呢?关羽、张飞、黄忠三个,都已经死了,黄忠是病死的,他的重要谋士庞统早就不在了,法正也去世了。战将这边,还有马超、赵云、魏延,谋臣这边只有诸葛亮。魏延和马超要防曹操进攻,在北边。赵云不受信任。为什么赵云不受信任呢?因为赵云不赞成刘备打孙权,赵云出来劝阻刘备说,国贼是曹操,所以我们应该先打曹魏,而不是先打孙吴;而且一旦打下了曹魏,孙吴不在话下。现在我们一旦和孙吴之间展开了战争,那是不可收拾的。刘备不听,不信任他,不让他随行。所以跟着刘备一起去打孙权的,文武两边都没有什么像样的人物,所以刘备这场战争是叫做“出师不利,将帅乏人”。
At this moment, Liu Bei issued an order to send Zhang Fei to Jiangzhou, now Chongqing, to join him. Who knows that before Zhang Fei’s army set out, Zhang Fei himself was killed by his subordinates, and his head was sent to Sun Quan. Zhang Fei’s death was another major loss for Liu Bei. What do we know about Liu Bei’s situation now? Guan Yu, Zhang Fei, and Huang Zhong have all died. Huang Zhong died of illness. His important advisor, Pang Tong, has long been gone, and Fazheng has also passed away. On the side of the generals, there are also Ma Chao, Zhao Yun, and Wei Yan, while on the side of the advisers, there is only Zhuge Liang. Wei Yan and Ma Chao are on the north side to prevent Cao Cao’s attack. Zhao Yun is not trusted. Why is Zhao Yun not trusted? “Because Zhao Yun disapproved of Liu Bei’s attack on Sun Quan, Zhao Yun came out to dissuade Liu Bei from saying, ‘The national thief is Cao Cao, so we should attack Cao Wei first, not Sun Wu first.'”; And once Cao Wei was defeated, Sun Wu would have no problem. Once we have launched a war with Sun Wu, it will be out of control. Liu Bei didn’t listen, didn’t trust him, and wouldn’t let him accompany him. Therefore, following Liu Bei to fight against Sun Quan, there were no decent figures on both sides of the civil and military forces. Therefore, Liu Bei’s war was called “a bad start and a lack of generals.”.
赵云不得随行,诸葛亮要镇守成都,走不开身,那么这样一个情况下,刘备为什么还要坚持打这场战争呢?传统的说法,是为关羽报仇,哥们义气。但是这种哥们儿义气恐怕是小说家言,并非政治家的真实想法,这一点吕思勉先生也早就提出了反对的意见。实际上在我看来,刘备发动这场战争,有为关羽报仇的成份,不能说没有。这一点,曹魏集团的谋士刘晔已经指出了。刘晔说,刘备和关羽义为君臣,恩犹父子,关羽被害不报仇这是说不过去的;但不要主要原因,主要原因是什么呢?刘晔认为主要原因在于,刘备集团的整个战略的特征就是以攻为守,就是他必须打仗,他必须打仗来显示他的实力。而他为什么不打曹魏,要打孙吴呢?吕思勉先生认为,和吕蒙主张不打徐州打荆州的道理是一样的,说得白一点就是“吃柿子捡软的捏”,曹魏不好对付,而孙刘双边都认为对方好对付,所以孙权不打徐州打荆州,刘备也不接受赵云的建议,他也不打曹魏打孙吴,这是第二个原因。那么第三个原因呢,我认为还有一点很重要的,就是荆州必须夺回,荆州毕竟是战略要地。那么由于这三个原因,刘备坚持要发动这场战争。
Zhao Yun cannot accompany him, and Zhuge Liang wants to defend Chengdu and cannot leave. So why should Liu Bei persist in fighting this war in such a situation? The traditional saying is to avenge Guan Yu and show brotherhood. However, this brotherhood may be a novelist’s statement, not a politician’s true idea, which Mr. Lv Simian has long objected to. In fact, in my opinion, Liu Bei launched this war with an element of revenge for Guan Yu, which cannot be said to be absent. Liu Ye, a counselor of the Cao Wei Group, has pointed out this point. Liu Ye said that Liu Bei and Guan Yu were loyal to each other as monarchs and ministers, and they were gracious to their father and son. It is unreasonable for Guan Yu to be killed without revenge; But don’t worry about the main reason. What’s the main reason? Liu Ye believes that the main reason lies in the fact that the entire strategy of Liu Bei Group is characterized by taking offense as defense, that is, he must fight, and he must fight to show his strength. Why didn’t he beat Cao Wei and Sun Wu? Mr. Lv Simian believes that the same reason as Lv Meng’s argument for not attacking Xuzhou and Jingzhou is true. To put it bluntly, it is “eating persimmons to pick up the soft pinch.” Cao Wei is not easy to deal with, while Sun Liu and both sides believe that the other side is easy to deal with. Therefore, Sun Quan does not attack Xuzhou and Jingzhou, and Liu Bei does not accept Zhao Yun’s suggestion. He also does not attack Cao Wei and Sun Wu, which is the second reason. The third reason, I think, is that Jingzhou must be recaptured. After all, Jingzhou is a strategic location. For these three reasons, Liu Bei insisted on launching this war.